In pairs discuss these questions:

1
Warming Up
By ???

• In pairs discuss these questions
• 1 What is a navigator?
• A navigator explores new routes across the
  sea.
• 2 What is the difference between a navigator
  and an explorer?
• A navigator explores the sea an explorer
  discovers new places on land.

2

• 3 Look at these famous people. Are they
  navigators or explorers? What do you know about
  them?
• Navigator sea nautical
  instruments
• find new islands or continents
• Navigator is someone who finds the position
  and plots the course of a ship, an aircraft, a
  car, etc, using maps and instruments.

3

• Explorer land use of compass
  and landmarks find new places within an
  already identified island or continent
• Explorer is someone who travels into or through
  a place in order to learn about it.
• Very often navigators are also explorers.

4
Pre-reading

• Look at the pictures. Then answer the questions.
• 1 How do you think seamen found their way
  before modern accurate methods of navigation were
  invented?
• Kept close to the shore, used nature such
  as the sun, wind, birds, tide, etc, to help them,
  and used some of the instruments including a
  compass, astrolabe, etc.

5

• 2 Which do you think was easier to work out
  latitude or longitude?
• Latitude, because it was used to measure
  how far you had travelled from land on a straight
  line. It was discovered a long time before
  longitude.

6

• 3 Can you identify these early navigational
  instruments seamen used and explain how they are
  used?
• 1 _________________________
• 2 _________
• 3 _________
• 4 ________________________
• 4 Which ones do you think are still used today?
• Sea charts are still used today.

compass (in ancient China)
astrolabe
sextant
sea / nautical / marine chart
7
Comprehending
1

• Read the passage and answer the following
  questions.
• 1 What is the use of a bearing circle,
  astrolabe, quadrant or sextant? ( )
• What is the use of a compass? ( )
• A to set the course of the ship
• B to measure the position of the ship
• C to measure the speed of the ship
• D to tell the time

B
A
8

• 2 Why are speed and time important in working
  out the longitude of a ship?
• Speed and time are important in finding
  out the longitude of a ship because the earth
  moves fifteen degrees westwards every hour. If
  you know your direction, speed and time, you can
  work out the approximate longitude or change in
  your position in relation to the stars.

9

• 3 Why is the position of the sun and various
  stars useful for working out latitude?
• The position of the sun and stars are
  useful for working out latitude because they are
  fixed points in the sky and their movements in
  relation to the earth are already known. So they
  can be used to measure a ship's position.

10

• Suppose you were a sea captain aiming to
  sail round Africa. Discuss in groups
• 1 What skills would you seek in your sailors?
• The sailors would need to be excellent
  navigators, able to cope with both hot and cold
  weather, experienced in sailing through very bad
  weather and able to co-operate in a team.

2
11

• 2 What problems would you anticipate for this
  journey?
• I would anticipate very hot weather
  (around the equator), cold weather (around the
  Cape of Good Hope), very stormy seas (around the
  Cape), and problems with food and water (unless
  helped by local natives the water may be
  contaminated and the food scarce), etc.

12

• What would you do if you came across the
  following problems during your voyage? Read the
  chart below and fill in your plans of action to
  deal with them.

3
What would you do if Plan of action
You were far from land and a storm arose.
wait till the storm is over, and then find your
new position and return to your original course
13
You knew your latitude but didn't know your longitude.
You were blown off-course.
use knots to find your speed and work out your
approximate longitude
use the compass and the astrolabe, quadrant or
sextant to find out your position, return to your
former course
14
You were offshore but you needed more food and water.
You wanted to keep a straight course.
follow nesting birds to shore look for special
cloud formations or fog over streams to find land
use a compass
15
You were lost with no land in sight.
measure your position using the sun or stars
look for sea birds, cloud formations, fog or
seaweed to show that land is nearby
16
4

• Read the passage again and use the
  information to analyse the navigational skills.
  Write the answers in your own words. Using
  nature
• 1 To find the ship's position at sea a
  sailor used the North Star and the sun.

17

• 2 A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw
  ______________________________
• _______________________ .
• 3 Sailors used ________________________ to
  increase their speed.

fresh seaweed, nesting birds returning
home in the evening or fog
sea currents or tides and winds
18

• Using instruments
• 4 There were two methods to find longitude
• 1 _________________________
• 2 _______________________
• ____________________ .

measuring time and speed
compass and complicated mathematical tables
19

• 5 Write down the working principles of the
  following instruments
• Beating circle _________________________________
  ______________________________ .
• Astrolabe______________________________________
  _________________________ .

to compare the height of the sun now with the
position of the 'sun at midday
to compare the position of the ship in relation
to some stars or the sun
20

• Quadrant ________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _________________________________ .

a more precise form of the astrolabe, to measure
how high stars are above the horizon, and compare
that measurement with previous measurements
(using the ship as one of the fixed points to
find its position)
21

• Sextant _________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________ .
• Imagine you are on a boat with twenty-nine
  other people. You have a small box for your
  personal things but it can only hold ten items.
  What would you need for a week's journey across
  the North Sea to England?

an updated version of the quadrant and so it was
more accurate, to measure the angle between two
fixed points outside the ship (using two mirrors
to find the ship's position)
5
22
Category Items Category Items
Clothes Shoes
Hygiene Tools
Bedding Medicines
Games Books
shirt, trousers
waterproof boots
scissors, knife
soap
sea-sick tablets, cold medicine
blanket
cards, chess
novels, essay collections
23
Learning about Language

• Replace the words underlined by ones of
  similar meaning from the reading passage.1
  Seeing the dark clouds above him, George hurried
  for home.
• 2 Sailing a boat alone far away from the
  shore made Flora's parents worry about her
  safety.

1
overhead
offshore
24

• 3 Clare, would you please put your bicycle next
  to the others in the shed?
• 4 "Why don't you plot a more simple route with
  the smallest number of stops?" asked Mary.
• 5 Setting out on a long journey by sea with
  unskilled sailors would be dangerous especially
  if there were no modern navigational instruments.

alongside
simplified
minimum
voyage
seamen
25

• Find the words from the reading passage
  that are the opposite of these compound words.
• ____________ anywhere
• ____________ upload
  
• ____________ inward
• ____________ unreliable
• ____________ land flower
• ____________ strong point

2
nowhere
download
outward
reliable
seaweed
shortcoming
26
Write down the words you know, which are
related to navigation and sea.
3
Navigation Sea

navigate, navigational (instruments compass,
bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant, sextant),
sail, sailor, voyage, latitude, longitude,
equator, horizon, captain, sailor, land, island,
set sail, nautical middles, explore, exploration
seaman, seaweed, seafood, shore, offshore,
onshore, beach, beach-ball seabed, sea-bird,
seagull, sea shell, seaside, sea water, seasick,
coast, coastline, coastal, tide, wave, current,
27
4

• Complete the following paragraph with the
  words below.
• Samuel the sailor was extremely good at
  plotting his course using the stars as a _______
  . One day he was determined to set out on a
  _______ across an unknown sea to an unknown
  continent. He set out with his instruments so he
  would not be at the _____ of the sea. He found on
  his ________ journey a rocky island. It seemed to
  be covered in nests. Suddenly, as Samuel looked,
  an enormous bird swooped down

reference
voyage
mercy
outward
28

• and picked him up as if he were a / an ______
  parcel. It ________ its speed and rose straight
  up into the air so as to reach the _______ place
  on the rocks where its nest lay. Once there, it
  shook itself and threw Samuel in the __________
  direction of the nest. There seemed to be
  ________ to hide but then he noticed lots of
  ________ on his left and quickly hid under it.
  The bird landed nearby and pecked _________ at
  the rocks. Samuel rolled over swiftly and found
  himself at the edge of the cliff. He looked

awkward
accelerate
precise
approximate
nowhere
seaweed
randomly
29

• down slowly with a beating heart. Below him
  was his boat lying ________ the shore! "How lucky
  I am!" Samuel thought to himself. He then gave a
  mighty leap and landed in it. Once inside he
  could safely sail away.

alongside
30

• Revising useful structures
• Read the information below and learn more
  about Captain Cook. Then underline the predicates
  in the sentences.
• 1 James Cook was a great English navigator and
  Pacific Ocean expedition leader.
• 2 He had not only an outstanding ability in
  navigation and exploration, but also a real
  concern for sailors' health. He carried out
  compulsory dietary reforms that were copied by
  many other ship captains.

1
31

• 3 He had led three great Pacific voyages during
  his life.
• 4 In his first Pacific voyage in 1769, James
  Cook rounded Cape Horn, then spent six months
  charting New Zealand, and finally explored and
  claimed possession of eastern Australia.
• 5 In 1772, Captain Cook set sail to look for a
  "theorized great southern continent". Although
  they could not manage to reach the Antarctic
  owing to the ice, he predicted that if it did
  exist, it would have to be a wasteland.

32

• 6 In 1776, Captain Cook started his third
  Pacific voyage, searching for the Northwest
  Passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic
  Ocean. Unfortunately, he was killed in a dispute
  with Hawaiian natives and his men's attempt at
  the Northwest Passage was unsuccessful. However,
  this voyage is still recognized as especially
  significant in the history of the discovery of
  the west coast of North America.

33

• Complete the following dialogue, using verbs
  in their proper forms. Remember to read the
  conversation before and after each blank before
  you fill it in.
• Susan Do you think you'll be going to that pop
  concert next week?
• Clare No. Let's forget about that as it'll soon
  be time for our exams.
• Susan ____________________________

2
Do you need to do more revision?
34

• Clare I don't really think I need to do more
  revision. I've done enough but it'll help me
  forget the concert you'll be enjoying.
• Susan ____________________________
• _____________________________
• Clare Actually there is a reason. I don't think
  I'm going to have enough money even though I've
  been saving especially for this occasion.
• Susan_______________________________
• _______________________________
• _______________________________ .

Is there another reason why you don't want to
come to the concert?
Perhaps I can help you. I always earn extra
money by cleaning cars. My father always pays me
when I clean his
35

• Clare Well, thank you for offering to help me.
  I'll happily clean your father's car if he'll pay
  me too.
• Susan _______________________________
• ________________________________
• Clare I hope you'll thank him for me. I'd never
  be allowed to clean my father's car. He is so
  proud of it he won't let anyone touch it.
• Susan _______________________________
• ________________________________

I'm sure he will. Hes always been kind to my
friends.
Oh this is my father's fourth car so the
excitement has worn off a little.
36

• Clare His fourth car? My goodness. He must have
  been earning a lot of money to have owned so
  many.
• Susan________________________________
• _____________________________
• Clare Oh I see! That explains things. Please
  would you phone him now and ask him when it would
  be convenient for me to clean it?
• Susan ___________________________

I suppose so. He has his own business so he
needs a car for his work.
Of course I'll do that right away.
37

• Clare That's so kind of you. Now while I'm doing
  the cleaning perhaps you can order our tickets
  for the concert. I'll go and get ready to begin
  work. See you soon. Thanks and goodbye.

38
USING LANGUAGE

• When Captain Bligh returned home he was
  treated as a hero. It was discussed whether he
  should receive a special medal or not. Get into
  groups of four and discuss these questions. Then
  role-play the dialogue.

1
39

• 1 Sample dialogue
• Li Pei (LP), Du Zhou (DZ), Wen Fuqing (WF)
  and Liu Yongfu (LY) are discussing the journey
  and Captain Bligh's leadership qualities.
• LP Why are you convinced that this journey
  shows the greatest navigational skill? I'm sure
  there must have been others that were as good, if
  not better!
• DZ Do you know of many other sea voyages of
  this kind?

40

• WF Well, there's that journey by Shackleton from
  Elephant Island in the Antarctic to get help from
  another island with a whaling station. He wanted
  to rescue his men. The weather was terrible and
  he was in an open boat, too.
• LY How can you think that journey was more
  difficult? It didn't last very long. Captain's
  Bligh's journey lasted over forty days, was very
  hot and they had very little food and water. It
  was because Captain Bligh was a great leader that
  they survived.

41

• DZ Now that I've heard about it I am very
  impressed. All those men pushed together in a
  very small boat, it must have been terrible for
  them to stay friendly. Meanwhile they were being
  driven mad by lack of fresh water and there was
  all that salt water all around them. That's the
  reason I think it was the greatest sea escape.

42

• LP When you put it that way I suppose it was a
  great achievement. Captain Bligh was certainly
  excellent in the way he kept the men occupied and
  tried to take their minds off their troubles. In
  addition he treated everyone the same when it
  came to food or water. So I think you are right
  and it was the greatest example of navigational
  skill against the odds! Do you agree?
• DZ, WF and LY (together) Yes. We do.

43

• 2 Sample dialogue
• DZ What leadership qualities do you think
  Captain Bligh showed?
• LP Since he had such violent disagreements
  with his crew, I think he was a bad leader.
• WF Do you really? He does seem to have had a
  bad temper so that has given him a bad
  reputation. However, he was also kind to his men
  at other times so I think he was a reasonable
  leader.
• LY What did he do?

44

• WF He provided cabbage so the sailors would not
  get ill and made them dance so that they would
  stay healthy. That shows he was a good leader.
• DZ Yes indeed. That is one good quality.
  However having a bad temper and getting angry
  quickly shows a bad quality.
• WF Now think about the voyage to Timor. On that
  journey he was fair with the food, kept everyone
  occupied working out the boat's position, and
  kept the crew cheerful. The fact that he tried so
  hard to build co-operative behavior shows good
  leadership qualities.

45

• LP Indeed he did. That is why some people regard
  him as a hero.
• LY Well, he seems contradictory. He is a good
  leader in a crisis and a bad one the rest of the
  time.
• DZ No, no! That seems a bit cruel although it
  was due to his bad temper the crew took over the
  ship. It was also due to his good temper that the
  crew survived in the small boat. I think Liu
  Yongfu is right.

46

• He was good in a crisis because he was fair
  with the food, encouraged team spirit, made
  people cheerful and used his skills to get them
  home. But he was a bad leader in a general
  situation because he got angry over small things
  (like accusing people of stealing food or
  disobeying him) and was too easy-going in Tahiti
  (where he let the men relax too much so they did
  not want to go back to England).
• LP He was a strange mixture indeed!

47

• A sample letter report
• Dear Sir,
• I think Captain Bligh should certainly
  receive a special medal for his amazing voyage
  across the sea to Timor. This is a journey that
  could not have been completed without great
  navigational skill. In addition Captain Bligh did
  not lose one man.
• First, he showed his leadership qualities
  by sharing the food and water fairly with the men
  in the boat. Everyone was treated equally and
  this made for good feeling between the members of
  the boat.

48

• Second, he kept everyone in the boat
  cheerful by discussing what they would do when
  they arrived safely. No one was allowed to think
  about what might happen if they did not arrive!
• Third, he kept them occupied by organizing
  the complicated mathematical calculations needed
  to find their position at sea. The crew who had
  taken over the "Bounty" had left Captain Bligh
  with only a quadrant and a compass. This meant
  that numerous calculations were needed to find
  their correct

49

• position. Captain Bligh encouraged the crew in
  the boat to take measurements regularly and each
  person was given a different responsibility for
  working out these measurements. This activity was
  important because it stopped the men from
  thinking about how little food and water there
  was.
• So I hope you will give Captain Bligh this
  medal. He has shown leadership, fairness and
  concern for his crew and helped them return to
  England safely.
• 
  Yours,
• 
  (your name)

50
Listening and speaking

• Read these words and then listen to the
  tape. Circle those aids that early sailors used
  to find their way.

1
compass maps fish movements
stars weather waves currents
clouds rainfall birds other ships
mountains
51
Listen to the tape again and fill in the
chart.
2
Sailors from Sea or Ocean Skills
Phoenicia Mediterra-nean Used the sky to find their way
North
Polynesia
Watched birds to find land .
Norway
Studied the waves of the ocean .
Pacific
52

• These are some Viking sailing directions
  from Norway to Greenland.
• Use the information from the listening to
  explain these sailing strategies.
• 1 ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• 2 ___________________________________
• ___________________________________

3
Vikings used to prefer to sail following the
coastline so they could check that they were on
the correct route.
Vikings used birds, and natural features like
mountains, to direct their ships.
53

• Polynesian seamen had traditional sayings
  to help them with their sailing. Can you explain
  what they mean?
• 1 "If you can read the ocean, you will never be
  lost.
• Study the waves so that you can read what will
  happen in the weather or when land is close.
• 2 "Watch for when the sun grows.
• The position of the morning sun on the horizon
  can help you check your course.

4
54

• 3 "The stars are the eyes of Heaven.
• The stars can give you information about your
  position and can help you "see" where you are.
• 4 "When the bird flies out to sea, the sea will
  grow calm.
• Birds do not fly out to sea if a storm is coming
  so a bird flying away from the shore means good
  weather.