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Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Treatment Program

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If you are developing a new behavior, will you use shaping, fading, or chaining? ... If a token system is used, what are the details of its implementation? ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Treatment Program


1
Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Treatment
Program
  • Chapter 24

2
A Problem Has Been Referred Should You Design A
Program?
  • Questions to answer
  • Was the problem referred primarily for the
    benefit of the client?
  • Can the problem and the goal be specified such
    that you are dealing with a specific behavior or
    set of behaviors that can be counted, timed, or
    measured in some way?
  • Is the problem important to the client or to
    others?
  • Have you eliminated the possibility that there
    are complications involved in this problem that
    would necessitate referring it to another
    specialist?
  • Is the problem one that would appear to be easily
    manageable?
  • If the goal is reached, might it be easily
    generalized and maintained?
  • Can you identify significant individuals in the
    clients natural environment who might help to
    record observations and manage controlling
    stimuli and reinforcers?
  • If there are individuals who might hinder the
    program, can you identify ways of minimizing
    their potential interference?
  • On the basis of your tentative answers to these
    eight questions, do your training qualifications,
    daily schedule, and available time seem adequate
    for you to participate in the program?

3
Selecting and Implementing and Assessment
Procedure
  • For reliable baselining, define the handicap in
    precise behavioral terms.
  • Select an appropriate baselining procedure that
    will enable you to
  • monitor the problem behavior
  • identify its current stimulus control
  • identify the maintaining consequences of the
    problem behavior
  • monitor relevant medical/health/personal
    variables
  • identify an alternative desirable behavior
  • Design recording procedures that will enable you
    to log the amount of time devoted to the project
    by the professionals working on it
  • Ensure that the observers have received
    appropriate training in identifying critical
    aspects of the behavior, applying the recording
    procedures, and graphing data
  • If the baseline is likely to be prolonged, select
    a procedure for increasing and maintaining the
    strength of the record-keeping behavior of the
    data recorders
  • Select a procedure for ensuring the reliability
    of the baseline observations
  • After beginning to collect baseline data, analyze
    those data carefully to select an appropriate
    intervention strategy and decide when to
    terminate the baseline phase and begin
    intervention

4
Considerations for Assessment Procedures
  • What daily times can the mediator(s) schedule
    this project?
  • Will others in the situation help or hinder your
    data collection?
  • Will the surroundings help or hinder your
    assessment?
  • What is the frequency of the existing behavior?
  • How rapidly should the behavior change?

5
Strategies for Program Design and Implementation
  • Define the goal, identify the target behaviors
    and their desired amount and stimulus control
  • Identify individuals who might help to manage
    controlling stimuli and reinforcers. Also
    identify those who might hinder the program
  • Examine the possibility of capitalizing on
    antecedent control. Can you use
  • Rules?
  • Goal setting?
  • Modeling?
  • Physical guidance?
  • Situational inducement?
  • Motivating operations?
  • If you are developing a new behavior, will you
    use shaping, fading, or chaining? What motivation
    establishing operation will you use?

6
Strategies for Program Design and Implementation
  • If you are changing the stimulus control of an
    existing behavior, can you select the controlling
    SDs such that they
  • are different from other stimuli on more than one
    dimension?
  • are encountered mainly in situations in which the
    desired stimulus control should occur?
  • evoke attending behavior?
  • do not evoke undesirable behavior?

7
Strategies for Program Design and Implementation
  • If you are decreasing behavioral excess
  • Can you remove SDs from the problem behavior?
  • Can you withhold reinforcers that are maintaining
    the problem behavior, or present motivation
    abolishing operations for those reinforcers?
  • Can you apply DRL?
  • Can you apply DRO, DRI, or DRA?
  • Should punishment be used?
  • Specify the details of the reinforcement system
  • How will reinforcers be selected?
  • What reinforcers will be used?
  • How will reinforcer effectiveness be continually
    monitored, and by whom?
  • How will reinforcers be stored and dispensed, and
    by whom?
  • If a token system is used, what are the details
    of its implementation?

8
Strategies for Program Design and Implementation
  • Specify the training setting.
  • Describe how you will program generality of
    behavior change by
  • Programming stimulus generalization. Can you
  • Train in the test situation?
  • Vary the training conditions?
  • Program common stimuli?
  • Train sufficient stimulus exemplars?
  • Establish a stimulus equivalence class?
  • Programming response generalization. Can you
  • Train sufficient exemplars?
  • Vary the acceptable responses during training?
  • Use behavioral momentum to increase low
    probability responses within a response class?
  • Programming behavior maintenance. Can you
  • Use natural contingencies of reinforcement?
  • Train people in the natural environment?
  • Use schedules of reinforcement in the training
    environment?
  • Give the control to the individual?

9
Strategies for Program Design and Implementation
  1. Specify the details of the daily recording and
    graphing procedures
  2. Collect the necessary materials
  3. Make checklists of rules and responsibilities for
    all participants in the program
  4. Specify the dates for data and program reviews
    and identify those who will attend
  5. Identify some contingencies that will reinforce
    the behavior modifiers and mediator
  6. Review the potential cost of the program as
    designed and judge its merit against cost
    reprogram as necessary
  7. Sign a behavioral contract
  8. Implement the program

10
Program Maintenance and Evaluation
  • Monitor your data to determine whether the
    recorded behaviors are changing in the desired
    direction
  • Consult the people who must deal with the
    behavioral handicap, and determine whether they
    are satisfied with the progress
  • Consult other sources to determine if your
    results are reasonable in terms of the amount of
    behavior change during the period the program has
    been in effect
  • If 1, 2, 3 are satisfactory, proceed to step 8
  • If 1, 2, 3, are unsatisfactory, answer the
    following questions
  • Have the reinforcers hat are being used lost
    their appeal?
  • Are competing responses being reinforced?
  • Are the procedures being applied incorrectly?
  • Is there outside interference that is disrupting
    the program?
  • Are there any subjective variables that might be
    adversely affecting the program?
  • If none of the answers to questions are yes,
    check if additional programming steps need to be
    added or removed
  • If the results are now satisfactory, proceed to
    guideline 8 otherwise consult with a colleague,
    or consider changing a major aspect of program,
    or redoing functional analysis

11
Program Maintenance and Evaluation
  1. Decide how you will provide appropriate program
    maintenance until the behavioral objective is
    reached
  2. Following attainment of the behavioral goal,
    outline an appropriate arrangement for assessing
    performance during follow-up observations and
    assessing social validity
  3. After successful follow-up observations have been
    obtained, determine the costs for the behavioral
    changes that occurred
  4. Where possible and appropriate, analyze your data
    and communicate your procedures and results to
    other behavior modifiers and interested
    professionals
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