Bonding

1
Bonding
2
Hydrogen Bonding

• Intermolecular forces
• of attraction between
• molecules
• (hydrogen bonds)
• Bonds exist within
• molecules
• (covalent bonds)

Intermolecular forces
Bonds
Bonds
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 442
3
Interaction of Dipoles
-
-

• (a) Interaction of two
• polar molecules.
• (b) interaction of many
• dipoles in a liquid

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 442
4
Polar Water Molecule
d
H
O
2d -
H
d
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 443
5
Hydrogen Bonding among water Molecules
6
Hydrogen Bonding among water Molecules
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 443
7
Boiling Points of Covalent Hydrides
100
0
Boiling point (oC)
-100
-200
2
3
4
5
Period of X (H2X)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 443
8
Boiling Points of Covalent Hydrides
H2O
100
0
H2Te
Boiling point (oC)
H2Se
SnH4
H2S
-100
SiH4
CH4
-200
50
100
150
Molecular mass
9
Heating / Cooling Curve of Water
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 445
10
Salol Lab (Freezing Point Determination)
Salol Lab 
Salol Lab 
Keys
http//www.unit5.org/chemistry/Solutions.html
11
Water Molecules in Liquid and Steam
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 446
12
Microscopic view of a liquid near its surface
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 449
13
Behavior of a liquid in a closed container
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 450
14
Water rapidly boiling on a stove
15
Formation of a bubble is opposed by the pressure
of the atmosphere
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 452
16
Boiling Points of Covalent Hydrides
100
0
Boiling point (oC)
-100
-200
2
3
4
5
Period of X (H2X)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 443
17
Boiling Points of Covalent Hydrides
100
0
Boiling point (oC)
-100
-200
2
3
4
5
Period of X (H2X)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 443
18
Boiling Points of Covalent Hydrides
100
0
Boiling point (oC)
-100
-200
2
3
4
5
Period of X (H2X)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 443
19
Boiling Points of Covalent Hydrides
H2O
100
0
H2Te
Boiling point (oC)
H2Se
SnH4
H2S
-100
SiH4
CH4
-200
50
100
150
Molecular mass
20
Group16 Hydrogen Compounds
21
Ethanol is Polar
d -
H
O
d
H
Polar bond
C
C
H
H
H
H
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 469
22
Ethanol and Water are Soluble
Like dissolves like
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 469
23
Structure of Sucrose

• Table sugar
• C6H12O6

CH2OH
H
O
C
C
HO
H
O
CH2OH
H
H
H
OH
C
C
C
C
OH
H
C
CH2OH
OH
C
C
O
H
H
OH
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 469
24
Molecular structure of Diamond
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 455
25
Molecular Structure of Ice
Hydrogen bonding
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 455
26
Sodium Chloride Crystal
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 455
27
Packing of NaCl Ions
Na1
Cl1-
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 456
28
Packing of NaCl Ions

Electron Microscope Photograph of NaCl
29
Dissolving of Salt in Water
Na ions
Water molecules
Cl- ions
NaCl(s) H2O ? Na(aq) Cl-(aq)
30
Dissolving of NaCl
Na


hydrated ions
-

-
Cl-
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 287
31
Solid Brass

• An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of metals.
• Brass Copper Zinc
• Solid brass
• homogeneous mixture

Copper
Zinc
32

• Brass Copper Zinc
• Brass plated
• heterogeneous mixture
• Only brass on outside

Brass Plated
Copper
Zinc
33
Hardened Steel
Iron
Steel
Carbon
34
Gold
Gold
Copper
Silver
24 karat gold 18 karat gold 14
karat gold
18/24 atoms Au
24/24 atoms Au
14/24 atoms Au
35
Precipitation Reaction Between AgNO3 and KCl
AgCl
AgNO3(aq) KCl(aq)
unknown white solid
Ag NO3- K Cl-
Ag Cl- K NO3-
AgNO3(aq) KCl(aq) ? KNO3 (aq) AgCl(s)
36
Formation of a solid AgCl
AgNO3(aq) KCl(aq) ? KNO3 (aq) AgCl(s)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 220
37
Lab - Ions in Aqueous Solution
Lab  Ions in Aqueous Solution
Lab  Ions in Aqueous Solution
Keys
http//www.unit5.org/chemistry/Solutions.html