Starter 108

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Starter 10/8

• Imagine you are a colonist in early America.
  Write a journal entry describing your feelings
  about, interactions with and concerns about the
  local Native American population.

2
Starter 10/9

• Draw these shapes on your paper and complete the
  information inside

Two things From class that I knew before We
covered it
Three things I remember From class Yesterday
One question I still have rolling In my head
3
Today

• Review notes from yesterday
• Complete story activity
• Civilization
• Sacagawea activity
• Tomorrow you have a quiz on civilization

4
American Indian Government Policies
5
American Indian Government Policies

• Over the years, the United States government has
  had different ways of dealing with American
  Indians.
• The government has established official
  policies (laws, rules)

6
Civilization

• (Colonial period to Washington Jefferson)
• Make the Indian white, civilized, and Christian
• Create missions, make treaties, and change the
  culture of the Native American

7
Removal

• (1830s-1860s Andrew Jackson, Indian Removal Act
  of 1830)
• Move Indians east of the Mississippi River to
  Indian Territory (current day Oklahoma)
• Included the Trail of Tears, which was the
  Cherokee removal

8
Reservations

• (1860s-1890s)
• Put Indians on a plot of communal land (land held
  in common), owned by the government, to keep the
  Indians contained

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Allotment

• (1887-1928 Dawes Severalty Act)
• While on reservations, conserve land for white
  settlement by measuring off individual plots of
  land for individual families
• Indian men were forced to farm for their
  individual family
• This stripped them of their tribal way of life
• Within this period were the Indian Wars
  boarding schools

10
New Deal Indian

• (1930s-1940s Indian Reorganization Act)
• Restore tribal authority to tribes by reversing
  the allotment

11
Relocation

• (1920s-1950s)
• Offer job training programs and jobs in large
  cities to get Indian off of reservation and away
  from tribal communities
• The modern day Pow Wows were created during this
  period

12
Termination

• (1950s)
• The government cut off all relations and
  obligations with Indian tribes
• As a result of this, Native Americans fought to
  regain their rights during the Civil Rights
  movement

13
Self-Determination

• (1960s-Present)
• The government allows tribes the freedom and
  authority to run their nations the way they
  please
• This policy recognizes the sovereignty of tribes

14
Finish Your story

• Choose one story from your group you would like
  the class to hear
• Wait for directions

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Story time

• I will place you in groups
• In your group you will receive a prompt
• Each person should write on that prompt until the
  bell sounds
• Then switch papers and continue the other
  persons story
• Include information and vocabulary that we have
  covered today

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Civilization
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• Treaties- Made by fed. Govt
• Traders- only licensed ones could operate
• Land- sold only by Congress

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Making Civilization Work

• The early U.S. government wanted to get rid of
  the Indian way of life
• Trained men to do the farming, rather than the
  women
• Women were trained to do domestic chores such
  as spinning and weaving

19
Treaties

• As Indians spent less time hunting, the land
  could be sold to the government by treaties

• This land could then be sold by the government

20
American Indians in Early America

• The U.S. Department of War was responsible for
  Indian affairs
• In 1790, the Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts
  did the following
• Gave the power to the federal government to
  conduct Indian affairs
• Only licensed traders could operate in Indian
  country
• Congress had to approve the sale of Indian lands
• All treaties were made by the federal government

21
Treaties Create Conflicts

• Individual states resented the amount of power
  the federal government assumed
• Many states made treaties with tribes that were
  never approved by the federal government
• Many treaties were ignored by the state and
  federal government

22
Converting Natives to Christianity

• Missionaries tried to convert Native Americans to
  Christianity
• Missions and missionary schools were started in
  Indian communities

23
Indian Response to Christianity

• Many Indians saw Christians as hypocrites (they
  lied, drank, cheated, and stole)
• Many Indians felt that God made Indians and
  whites different and therefore the practice of
  different religions was acceptable
• Some tribes created their own forms of religion,
  incorporating ritual and restoring balance and
  harmony
• These religions offered hope in a time of
  spiritual crisis and a means to cope with a new
  and changing world

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Read about Sacajawea complete a stickwoman
STARTER 3/8/07
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Sacagawea
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Quiz Review

• Sacajawea- why important?
• Which department in charge of Indian affairs?
• What level of govt in charge of Indian affairs?
• Christians were viewed as hypocrites- why?
• How did Indians cope with this world?...
  Religion?
• What was the purpose of civilization? How was
  it implemented?
• Ways the fed govt (laws) controlled Indian
  affairs?
• Fed govt made treaties
• Congress had to approve the sale of land
• Only licensed traders could operate in Indian
  country

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Civilization Quiz

• Why did Indians think Christians were hypocrites?
• How did Indians cope w/ the stress of their new
  world?... Created new religions
• Significance of Sacajawea
• Purpose of the Civilization policy
• How was civilization implemented
• Who is in charge of Indian affairs? Dept? LAWS
  that CONTROLLED Indian affairs?
• Fed govt makes treaties only
• Congress sells Indian lands
• Only licensed traders can operate in Indian
  country

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Civilization Quiz Extra Credit

• Who was the President that enforced the Indian
  Removal Act of 1830?
• Name Chief Josephs tribe.
• What was the name of the treaty signed by Major
  Ridge that led to the removal of the Cherokee to
  Indian Territory?
• How many Cherokee died in the Trail of Tears?
• Must be spelled correctly to receive credit!

32
Removal
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Andrew Jackson Indian Removal

• Andrew Jackson became president in 1828
  promised free land for white settlers.
• In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act,
  which moved Indians east of the Mississippi River
  to Indian Territory
• The Choctaw, Creeks, and the Chickasaws were the
  first to be removed.
• The Seminoles fought removal for seven years,
  before finally giving up their homeland

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The Cherokee Removal

• Although the Cherokees had made many measures to
  civilize, to meet white approval, they were
  removed as well
• Their 800-mile journey to Oklahoma is known as
  the Trail of Tears
• Several hundred Cherokee escaped into the
  mountains (where their descendants live today)
• 13,000 Cherokees were moved 4,000 died on the
  journey

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Reservations
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Purpose of Reservations

• By the mid-1800s, it became clear that U.S.
  expansion was heading west of the Mississippi
  River
• Americans believed in Manifest Destiny- that it
  was their destiny, ordained by God, to acquire
  all lands to the Pacific Ocean
• Unspecified tracts of land in Indian Territory
  had to be more sharply defined and measured into
  reservations, to make room for white settlement

39
Short Answer. Write a 1-2 sentence answer for
each of the questions below.

• Why were Indian children sent to boarding
  schools?
• What were the effects of boarding schools on
  Indian children?
• Why did great leaders like Chief Joseph,
  Geronimo, Sitting Bull, Chocise, Crazy Horse, Red
  Cloud, and Big Foot emerge during the 1880s
  1890s?
• Name the American Indian religious movement that
  emerged in the late 19th century that was one of
  the key causes of the massacre at Wounded Knee.

40
Extra Credit. Must be spelled right to receive
full credit!

• Name the most famous Indian boarding school,
  located in Pennsylvania.
• How many acres of land did each Indian
  head-of-household receive under allotment?
• What was the name of the allotment law?
• Name the battle in which George Armstrong Custer
  was killed by Sioux and Cheyenne warriors?

41
Effects of Reservations

• Indian people were infuriated by the policy of
  reservations and resisted giving up their
  homelands
• Leaders and chiefs emerged to resist the
  reservation policy
• A series of wars, the Indian Wars, began which
  lasted during the last half of the 19th century

42
The Fort Laramie Treaty

• In 1851, the Treaty of Fort Laramie was signed
  between various tribes of the Great Plains and
  the U.S. government
• The treaty was intended to insure peace on the
  Great Plains, as white settlement increased in
  the region
• Tribes had been attacking whites and warring with
  each other over territory

43
Terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty

• Tribes of the Plains received
• Separate tracts of land assigned to each tribe
• Tribes agreed to remain on their own land, to
  cease their attacks on each other and on white
  migrants
• Each tribe will retain possession of its assigned
  lands forever
• Each tribe will be protected by U.S. troops from
  white intruders
• Each tribe will each receive 50,000 in supplies
  and provisions annually for the next fifty years.

• The United States government received
• The right to establish roads and military
  outposts within Indian territories.

44
The Failure of the Fort Laramie Treaty

• Unfortunately, the chiefs who signed the Fort
  Laramie Treaty did not have the authority over
  their tribes that the United States negotiators
  assumed

• The U.S. negotiators themselves could not deliver
  the protections and fair treatment they promised.
• The sacred Black Hills of the Lakota were
  violated by the government and white settlers,
  leading to a war over the region

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Purpose of Boarding Schools

• In the late 1800s, the United States supported an
  educational experiment that the government hoped
  would assimilate American Indians to the American
  culture.
• Special boarding schools were created in
  locations all over the United States with the
  purpose of "civilizing" American Indian youth .
• Thousands of Native American children were sent
  far from their homes to live in these schools and
  learn the ways of white culture.

50

• Tom Torlino (Navajo) as he appeared upon arrival
  to the Carlisle Indian School, October 21, 1882.

• Tom Torlino (Navajo) three years later

51
It's cheaper to educate Indians than to kill
them."--Indian Commissioner Thomas Morgan
speaking at theestablishment of the Phoenix
Indian School in 1891
52
Apache children on arrival at the Carlisle Indian
School (Pennsylvania) wearing traditional
clothing.
53
Apache children at the Carlisle School four
months later.
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Effects of Boarding Schools

• Many struggled with loneliness and fear away from
  their tribal homes and familiar customs. 
• Some lost their lives to diseases that spread
  quickly through the schools.
• Others thrived despite the hardships, formed
  lifelong friendships, and preserved their Indian
  identities.

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Starter Monday, March 26Land of Red Apples by
Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Bonnin)

• What did Zitkala-Sa expect Red Apple Country to
  be like?
• Describe her trip on the iron horse.
• Name some of the things that were unusual to
  Zitkala-Sa at the boarding school.

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Starter Tuesday, March 27The Cutting of My
Long Hair by Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Bonnin)

• Why was mealtime confusing for Zitkala-Sa?
• Why did Zitkala-Sa not want her hair cut?
• How did Zitkala-Sa react to having her hair cut?

57
The Indian Wars

• Most of the battles within the Indian War
  resulted in U.S. government victories
• The Battle of Little Bighorn was an Indian
  victory, including the killing of Custer
• The Massacre (Battle) at Wounded Kneed ended the
  Indian Wars

George Armstrong Custer
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Images from Wounded Knee, 1890 Collecting the Dead
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Images from Wounded Knee, 1890 Mass grave
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Images from Wounded Knee, 1890 Chief Bigfoot
frozen in the snow
61

Conflicts of the Indian WarsUse pages 410-412 of
the RED U.S. History book on the counter to
complete this chart. Turn in your work when
finished.
62
Conflicts of the Indian WarsUse pages 410-412 of
the RED U.S. History book on the counter to
complete this chart. Turn in your work when
finished.
63
Conflicts of the Indian WarsUse pages 410-412 of
the RED U.S. History book on the counter to
complete this chart. Turn in your work when
finished.
64
Conflicts of the Indian WarsUse pages 410-412 of
the RED U.S. History book on the counter to
complete this chart. Turn in your work when
finished.
65
Allotment
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Purpose of Allotment (1887-1928)

• End tribalism by redistributing communally owned
  reservation land to individual Indian families
• The plan was passed as the Dawes Severalty Act of
  1887
• Land remaining after each 160-acre allotment was
  given to the Indian male head-of-household, was
  sold to white settlers
• The policy was designed to absorb Natives into
  the U.S. mainstream society (assimilate)

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Effects of Allotment

• The effects were disastrous
• Families were forced to live separate from their
  relatives, destroying the kinship network of
  tribes
• Hunting was abolished because land was depleted
• The roles of men women were changed (women
  became depended on the men for land and lost
  their political power)
• The Native American population reached an
  all-time low

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Starter Wednesday, March 28The Affair at
Wounded Knee

• Why did Big Foot and the Sioux move to Pine
  Ridge?
• What happened to Black Coyotes rifle?
• Do you think what happened at Wounded Knee was a
  battle, an affair, or a massacre? Explain.

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Read about Jim Thorpe complete a stickman
Use white paper color it!
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Jim Thorpe
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Quiz on Reservations- Allotment

• Charts for starters (reservations, allotment-
  time period, purpose, effects)
• Why did great chiefs/leaders emerge?
• Boarding schools (purpose, effects)

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STARTER Monday, April 2Modern-Day Boarding
Schools

• Watch the video on Sherman Boarding School in Los
  Angeles, CA and answer the question below
• How have boarding schools changed?

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New Deal Indian
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Indian Reorganization Act

• Time Period 1934- early 1940s
• In 1934, the Indian Reorganization Act
  (Wheeler-Howard Act) was passed as part of
  Franklin Roosevelts New Deal programs
• Roosevelt appoint Indian advocate, John Collier,
  as the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to execute
  the Indian Reorganization Act

John Collier
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Purpose of the IRA

• The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) ended
  reversed the Dawes Act by
• Returning communal land to tribes
• Encouraging the self-government of tribes (create
  tribal councils constitutions) and,
• Restored the management of tribal lands to the
  tribe
• The IRA, like other New Deal programs, lost
  momentum due to the onset of World War II.

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The Navajo Code Talkers
78
Navajo Code Talkers

• The Navajo Code Talkers were a group of Navajo
  Marines who transmitted military messages in the
  Navajo language, during World War II

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Navajo Code Talkers

• The Code Talkers used words in the Navajo
  language that could not be broken by the
  Japanese, during the war in the Pacific.

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• Some examples
• "besh- lo" (iron fish) meant "submarine
• "dah-he- tih-hi" (hummingbird) meant "fighter
  plane"
• "debeh-li-zine" (black street) meant "squad"

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Flag being raised on the island of Iwo Jima
during World War II

• Ira Hayes, Pima, was one of the flag raisers

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Windtalkers

• What was a tank in English? (what animal)
• What is Joes mission?
• Why does Joes not want to get too friendly with
  Yazzi?
• Why does Yazzi say hes fighting?
• How did the code help during the first battle?
• Why were some of the Marines concerned with Yazzi
  swimming alone?
• How does Yazzi fool the Japanese?
• What happened to Yazzi at boarding school?
• What happens to Charlie Whitehorse?

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Relocation
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Purpose of Relocation

• Time Period 1948- 1979
• The Bureau of Indian Affairs encouraged Indians
  to migrate to urban areas
• By 1960, a total of 33,466 Indians had been
  relocated.
• Government relocation provided
• Job placement
• Job training (vocational skills)
• Counseling
• Transportation
• Subsistence funds until the first paycheck

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Effects of Relocation

• More Native Americans live in urban areas today
  than on reservations
• Pow wows were created as a way for diverse tribes
  to come together to celebrate their Indian
  heritage
• Some brought skills learned back to
  reservations/tribal communities (Ex. Lumbees in
  Baltimore Detroit)

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Termination
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Purpose of Termination

• Time Period 1953- 1970
• The policy hoped to terminate the responsibility
  that the federal government had with Native
  American tribes.
• The hope was to pass laws to end the existence of
  Indian tribes.
• The government argued that Native Americans
  should be treated exactly as all other citizens
• Congress wanted to work toward the withdrawal of
  all federal support and responsibility for Native
  American affairs.

92
Effects of Termination

• Services (healthcare education) were withdrawn
  from about 11,500 Native Americans
• 1.5 million acres of land were taken from tribes
• Tribes/members became dependent on welfare
• Red Power, led by AIM (American Indian
  Movement) arose to protest this policy
• Occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco
  Bay from 1969-1971
• Trail of Broken Treaties occupation of the BIA in
  Washington, DC in 1972
• 71-day Siege at Wounded Knee in 1973

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Occupation of Alcatraz
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Occupation of the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)
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Occupation of the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)
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Occupation of the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)
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1973 Siege at Wounded Knee
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Mary Brave Bird(Mary Moore/Mary Crow Dog)
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Leonard Crow Dog
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Self-Determination
102
Self-Determination

• Time Period 1970- Present
• President Nixon ended the termination policy and
  ushered in the current policy called
  Self-Determination

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Purpose of Self-Determination

• This policy recognizes the sovereignty of tribes
• Self-determination emphasizes self-government
  tribal administration of its affairs including
  healthcare, education, housing, law enforcement,
  and welfare

104
Effects of Self-Determination

• Tribes have gained back rights to land, water,
  and hunting/fishing sites
• Religious sacred sites have been returned
• Tribes are finally recognized by the government
  as SOVEREIGN!

105
In the Light of Reverence

• What do you think about people climbing on
  Devils Tower?
• Is it fair to ban people from using portions of
  our National Parks because some Native Americans
  think certain sites are sacred? Explain your
  belief.

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Read about Wilma Mankiller complete a stickman
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Wilma Mankiller
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Test Review

• Clue- identify the policy (New Deal, Relocation,
  Termination, Self-Determination)
• Navajo Code Talkers (who, what, when, where, how
  did learn)