What is Engineering

1
What is Engineering?

• Engineering Math
• Lecture 1

2
Objective

• Understand and describe the history and
  development of engineering from early
  civilization to the 21st century.

3
Introduction
4
Babylonia 1800 BC
Code of Hammurabi If a builder build a house
for a man and do not make its construction firm
and the house which he has built collapses and
cause the death of the owner of the house, that
builder shall be put to death
5
Chief of Works

• Planning and construction
• dykes
• canals
• drainage systems
• roads
• Surveying
• Advising

6
Greece 600 BC

• Architecton - a master builder and construction
  expert with knowledge and experience beyond the
  scope of the average citizen.
• First breakwater (400 yards long and 120 feet
  deep)
• First lighthouse, 370 feet high constructed in
  300 BC
• 3300 foot long tunnel cut through a 900 foot
  hill.
• Temples and shrines such as the Acropolis
• timber frames, manual hoists, levers

7
Applied Knowledge and Judgment

• Irrigation and flood control
• canals
• Roads
• Buildings
• Temples
• City walls
• Ports

Aztec, 500 AD
Samaria, 3000 BC
8
Romans 535 BC 476 AD

• Arenas
• Roads
• Aquaducts
• Temples
• Towns
• Halls
• Baths
• Public Forums

9
Romans 535 BC 476 AD

• Hydraulic cement
• Pile drivers
• Treadmill hoists
• Wooden bucket wheels

Early Romans discovered that a mixture of burned
lime and volcanic ash produced fine hydraulic
cement that sets underwater. Many structures
using this material as mortar and cement were
constructed in the Roman Empire.
10
Pont du Gard

• Built 27 BC 14 AD
• 160 feet high
• Arches span 80 feet

11
Middle Ages 476 AD 1250 AD

• Gothic Cathedrals
• Castles
• Seige machines
• Labor saving machines
• Windmill
• Water wheel
• Spinning wheel
• Hinged rudder for ships
• Advances in ship building
• Paper making
• Casting iron
• Manufacture of textiles
• Gunpowder

12
Casa Grande

• Hohokam, 1200 1450 AD

13
1300 AD 1750 AD

• Advances to navigation and shipbuilding
• Docks, locks, canals, and harbors
• Printing press (1450 AD)
• Books on surveying, hydraulics, chemistry, mining
  and metallurgy (1500 AD)
• Leonardo de Vinci (1452 1519) artist,
  architect, experimental scientist
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 1543) astronomer.
  Earth is a moving planet.
• Galileo (1564 1691), astronomer and physicist.
  Discovered law of falling bodies.
• Robert Boyle (1627 1691), chemist and
  physicist. Boyles Law
• Robert Hooke (1635 1703), experimental
  scientist. Hookes Law
• Sir Isaac Newton (1642 1727), scientist and
  mathematician. Invented calculus, secrets of
  light and color, and law of universal
  gravitation.
• Thomas Newcomen (1663 1729), inventor.
  Invented the first practical steam engine 75
  years before James Watt.

14
1750 AD 1900 AD

• 1760s James Watts steam engine. Applications
  in mining, manufacturing, and transportation.
• 1817 1850 Erie Canal, Ohio Canal, Chesapeake
  and Ohio Canal
• 1827 Alseeandra Volta first electric battery
• 1830 Sir Humphrey Davey electromagnetism and
  the arc light
• 1831 Michael Faraday magnetic induction
• 1880 Thomas Edison incandescent bulb and
  parallel circuits
• 1888 Nikola Tesla induction motor and polyphase
  alternating current system.
• 1888 George Westinghouse Westinghouse Electric
  Company and the Niagara hydroelectric project.
• By 1900 electric lighting and telephones in
  one-half million homes. Electric trains and
  street cars in major cities.

15
20th Century

• 1903 First airplane flight
• 1904 automobiles being mass produced
• 1914 Panama canal opened
• 1920 Death from typhoid decline to 200 per year
  from 10000 per year in 1906
• 1931 Empire State Building (1250 feet)
• 1931 George Washington Bridge (3500 feet)
• 1936 Hoover Dam (726 feet)
• 1947 Invention of the transistor and
  semiconductor diode
• 1956 Interstate highway system in US
• 1967 First nuclear power generating station began
  operation
• 1974 Sears Tower, Chicago (1450 feet)

16
21st Century

• Discovery, development, and utilization of
  alternative sources of energy to replace the
  worlds dwindling supplies of coal and oil.
• Development of ways to maintain and rehabilitate
  the nations vast deteriorating public works
  infrastructure.
• Further development of microcomputer and
  nanotechnology and extension of their
  applications.
• Development of technology to further increase
  agricultural productivity to cope with growing
  world population and hunger.
• Design of structures that are far more resistant
  to earthquakes, storms, and other ravages of
  nature.
• Development of better ways to manage the disposal
  of hazardous wastes, including radioactive wastes
  that accompany the production of nuclear power.
• Exploration of interplanetary space and discovery
  of applications of space research to military and
  peaceful uses.