Animals

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Animals

• 6th Grade Science
• 6-3

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Animals

• Characteristics of Animals
• Multi-cellular Have many cells
• Heterotrophs - Cannot make their own food, must
  get energy by eating plants or other animals
• Animals are classified according to whether or
  not they have a backbone.

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Invertebrates

• Invertebrates - animals that lack a backbone
• Ex. Sponges, segmented worms, echinoderms,
  mollusks, and arthropods.

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Vertebrates

• Vertebrates - Animals that have a backbone Ex.
  Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds or mammals.

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Characteristics of Vertebrates

• Vertebrates have
• Backbones
• Protective skin covering
• An inside skeleton
• Muscles
• Blood that circulates through blood vessels
• Lungs (or Gills) for breathing
• Most have legs or fins for movement
• A nervous system with brains that process
  information from their environments through
  sensory organs, for example eyes,such as ears or
  tongues.

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Classes (or Groups) of Vertebrates

• Fish
• Amphibians
• Reptiles
• Birds
• Mammals

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Fish

• have backbones
• are cold-blooded (ectothermic)
• obtain dissolved oxygen in water through gills
• most lay eggs
• have scales
• have fins
• live in water.

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Amphibians

• have backbones
• cold-blooded (ectothermic)
• can breathe in water with gills early in life,
  and breathe on land with lungs as adults
• go through metamorphosis
• lay jelly-like eggs

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Amphibians Cont.

• The major groups of amphibians are frogs, toads
  and salamanders.
• Frogs and salamanders have smooth, moist skin,
  through which they can breathe and live part of
  their life in water and part on land.
• Toads have thicker, bumpy skin and live on land.

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Reptiles

• Have backbones
• Are cold-blooded (ectothermic)
• Breathe with lungs
• Most lay eggs, although in some the eggs hatch
  inside the female
• Have scales or plates.
• Examples Snakes, Lizards, Alligators,
  Crocodiles, Turtles and Tortoises

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Reptiles

• Alligators and Crocodiles

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Birds

• have backbones
• are warm-blooded (endothermic)
• breathe with lungs
• lay eggs
• have feathers
• and have a beak,
• two wings,
• and two feet.

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Mammals

• have backbones
• are warm-blooded (endothermic)
• breathe with lungs
• have babies that are born live
• have fur or hair
• and produce milk to feed their young.

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Classes or Groups of Invertebrates

• Sponges
• Segmented Worms
• Echinoderms
• Arthropods
• Mollusks

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Invertebrate Review

• Invertebrates are animals without backbones.
• There are many more invertebrates than
  vertebrates. 90 of all animals are
  invertebrates.
• The largest group of invertebrates are the
  arthropods. that include insects. 90 of all
  animals are invertebrates

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Sponges

• Are very simple animals
• Have many pores holes through which water flows.
• Water moves into a central cavity and out through
  a hole in the top.
• Sponges obtain their food and eliminate wastes
  through this passage of water.
• They live in fresh or salt water.

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Segmented Worms

• Have long tube-like bodies that are divided into
  segments.
• They are the simplest organisms with a true
  nervous system.
• A long digestive tube runs down the length of the
  worms inside body.
• Examples are earthworms and leeches.

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Echinoderms

• Have similar parts - arms - that extend from the
  middle body outwards.
• They have tube feet and spines.
• Examples are starfish (sea stars), brittle stars,
  sea cucumbers, or sea urchins.

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m Animated graphic of how tube feet look and work
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Examples of Echinoderms
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Arthropods

• Have jointed legs
• Live on land and in water
• Have hard outer coverings called exoskeletons,
• Have segmented bodies
• Some have wings.
• Examples are insects, spiders, and crustaceans.

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Mollusks

• Have soft bodies
• Most have a thick muscular foot for movement or
  to open and close their shells
• Live in salt or fresh water or on land
• Some have shells.
• Examples are snails, clams, and octopuses.

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Animal Adaptations

• Adaptations - Special features that enable an
  animal to survive in its environment
• Animals have structures with basic functions that
  allow them to defend themselves, to move, and to
  obtain resources.

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Adaptations for Defense

• Hiding adaptations the animal avoids the
  predator entirely.
• Ex. Camouflage and mimicry

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Flight Adaptations

• Flight adaptations allows animals to flee from
  predators and escape danger.
• Birds and bats, light skeletons and wings to fly
  away
• Long legs for extra speed or strong legs for
  jumping
• Paws or toenails that allow them to construct
  holes or tunnels to run into and hide.

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Physical Features

• Physical features -allow an animal to make a
  direct attack painful
• Horns, claws, quills, stingers, shells, smells
• Change its size
• Taste bad or be poisonous to the predator -
  Monarch butterflies are brightly colored but
  poisonous to animals.

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Adaptations for Movement

• Animals move
• to fulfill their needs
• to move their bodies from one place to another.
• to find food
• escape predators.
• Animals have certain structures for movement for
  example, legs, feet, tails, shape, and skeleton.

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Adaptations to Obtain Needed Resources

• Examples of some of these structures are
• Filtering adaptations for filter feeders (such as
  sponges or clams) that consume food found in the
  water.
• Tube-shaped mouth parts for fluid-feeders.
  Examples are mosquitoes, aphids, or hummingbirds.

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Adaptations to Obtain Needed Resources Cont.

• Feeders that consume large prey have tentacles,
  pinchers, claws, fangs, expandable stomachs or
  flexible jaws.

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Adaptations to Obtain Needed Resources Cont.

• Feeders that consume food where it is located.
• different shaped beaks
• sharp teeth for ripping and tearing of flesh
• large rounded teeth for grinding plants
• rough tongues for drinking water
• or long necks or legs to get food.

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Endothermic vs. Ectothermic(Warm-blooded vs.
Cold-blooded)

• Animals differ in their abilities to regulate
  body temperature.

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Endothermic

• Endothermic -Animals that maintain a constant
  internal temperature.
• Endo means inside therm means heat.
• Animals metabolism works hard to keep body the
  right temperature for activity all the time.

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Endothermic

• Too hot? Cool off by
• sweating, panting, (generating heat loss through
  evaporating water)
• changing position or changing location in the
  world (seeking shade or shelter)
• changing posture (controls to some extent the
  heat absorbed from the environment around them)

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Endothermic

• Endothermic animals must eat much more often than
  an ectodermic animal. For example, a lion
  (endothermic) eats its weight in food every seven
  to ten days.

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Ectothermic

• Ectothermic - Animals that do not maintain a
  constant internal temperature and must gain heat
  to perform internal activities.
• Ecto means outside therm means heat.

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Ectothermic

• Too cool? Animals are slow moving and sluggish
• Use sun to heat up their bodies and allow any
  activity.
• Examples are snakes, lizards, fish, frogs or
  insects.

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Ectothermic

• Snakes must bask in the sun before they can move
  about to hunt for food. If the temperature gets
  too hot, a snake must find shade or burrow in the
  ground to keep its body cool or die.
• If an animal is cold blooded, they take on the
  temperature of their surroundings so they don't
  have to use food energy to keep warm. This means
  they don't have to eat as often.

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Reactions to the EnvironmentStimulus and Response

• Animals have physical responses that are caused
  by environmental stimuli.
• Ex. Shedding, blinking, shivering, sweating,
  panting, and food gathering.

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Reactions to the EnvironmentStimulus and Response

• All organisms respond to their environment.
• A response is a reaction to a stimulus. For
  example, if a lion charges a gazelle, the gazelle
  may respond by running away.

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Reactions to the EnvironmentStimulus and Response

• Responses may be simple or complex.
• simple response may be moving away from strong
  heat.
• Complex responses is behavior.
• Ex. Annual migration of a bird is a behavioral
  response to changes in the season.
• Climate affects the vegetation and the animals in
  an area causing a variety of responses.

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Reactions to the EnvironmentStimulus and Response

• Most living things have adaptations that help
  them survive. Adaptations are responses by
  organisms to an internal or environmental
  stimulus that help them survive

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Response to Temperature Change

• Shedding - To maintain internal temperatures,
  animals form thick coasts of fur to insulate
  their body from cold weather similarly in hot
  weather animals will shed this extra fur,
  providing a cooling effect

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Response to Temperature Change

• Sweating - an organisms major way of getting rid
  of excess body heat, which is produced by
  metabolism or working muscles.
• Sweat can be made in response to nerve
  stimulation, hot air, and exercise.
• When sweat evaporates from the surface of the
  skin, it removes excess heat and cools the animal.

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Response to Temperature Change

• Panting breathing heavily with mouth open
• Some animals don't sweat.
• They are covered with fur which insulates them
  and keeps the heat in.
• They pant to get rid of excess heat from their
  bodies.
• The heat turns the water in their mouths into
  water vapor.
• The heat is used for a different purpose instead
  of heating the dog's body, it is used to
  evaporate the water from the animals mouth.

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Response to Temperature Change

• Shivering - a mammals mechanism to increase
  heat production.
• An involuntary response to a drop in the
  temperature of air in contact with the body.
• A method that the body uses to increase the rate
  at which energy is transformed for use.
• The same effect could occur by exercising, which
  would be a voluntary method of raising the
  metabolic rate

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Examples of other common responses to weather,
temperature and moisture are

• Blinking - a response to moisture loss
• Provides protection to the eye
• Animals need to blink to keep their corneas
  covered with a tear film
• which serves to protect the eye from drying out
• from potential infection
• helps to nourish the eye with oxygen
• without this tear film eyes would dry out.
• The blink response also serves to protect the eye
  from injury.

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Food Gathering

• Food gathering- The process of finding food by
  hunting or fishing or the gathering of seeds,
  berries, or roots, rather than by the cultivation
  of plants or the domestication of animals
  sometimes called foraging.

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Food Gathering

• Storing food Many animals will begin to gather
  and store food for the winter. One such animal
  is a squirrel.

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Food Gathering

• Storing nutrition in the form of fat Many
  animals will overeat and reduce their physical
  activity to conserve energy in response to
  environmental stimuli such as cold weather or
  drought.

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Behavioral Responses

• Behavioral Responses to the environment
• hibernation,
• migration,
• defense, and
• courtship

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Behavioral Responses

• Hibernation - a special, very deep sleep where
  the animal's body temperature drops, its
  heartbeat and breathing slow down using very
  little energy.

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Hibernation Cont.

• Cold weather (stimuli) causes some animals to
  conserve food stores in the body.
• Some animals "hibernate" for part or all of the
  winter (stimuli).
• Some ectothermic animals become dormant. When the
  weather gets cold (stimuli), they move to the
  bottom of lakes and ponds.
• Ex. Frogs, turtles or some fish hide under
  rocks, logs, or fallen leaves. They may even bury
  themselves in the mud and become dormant.

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Migration

• Migration travel to other places where the
  weather is warmer or they can find food
• Cold weather (stimuli) causes some animals
  migrate to find food.
• The cycle is controlled by changes in the amount
  of daylight and the weather.

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Defense Mechanisms

• Defense Defense mechanisms vary with different
  types of animals. Some examples are
• Camouflage
• Smells
• Stingers
• Ejection
• Mimicry

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Camouflage

• Camouflage - protective coloration to aid an
  animal to survive in its environment.
• Some animals develop their camouflage in response
  to the weather for example the artic fox and
  snowshoe hare. They develop a white coat for the
  winter to blend in with the snow and a gray coat
  in the summer to blend in with the forest.

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Smells

• Smells Skunks use an offensive odor in response
  to fear. The skunk turns the predator's sense of
  smell against it by issuing a stream of oily,
  foul smelling musk.

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Stingers

• Stingers Wasps and bees use a stinger for
  protection when frightened or threatened.

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Ejection

• Ejection shooting something from the body
• The black ink cloud of an octopus is an
  adaptation because it allows the animal a chance
  to run away without being eaten.

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Ejection Cont.

• When the horned lizard gets really scared, it
  shoots blood out of its eyes by increasing the
  blood pressure in its sinuses until they explode.
  The blood doesn't hurt the lizard's enemy but it
  scares them, so the horned lizard has time to
  escape.

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Mimicry

• Mimicry When a weaker animal copies stronger
  animals' characteristics to warn off predators.
• Some flower flies resemble black and yellow wasps
  that have a powerful sting and use this disguise
  to ward off predators.

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Courtship

• Courtship - adults of a species become mating
  pairs.
• Courtship behaviors ensure that males and females
  of the same species recognize each other.
• Environmental stimuli such as warmer weather and
  longer days will stimulate courtship.
• Often sensory cues will attract a potential mate.
  
• Chemical odor cues or color often serve as
  courtship attractants in animals.

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Animals Internal Stimuli

• Animals have internal stimuli, or cues, that
  ensure their survival including
• hunger,
• thirst, and
• sleep.

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Hunger

• Hunger - Animals need food for several reasons.
• If animals did not have the hunger stimulus, they
  may not eat and could not survive.
• Feeding is the response to the internal stimulus
  of hunger.

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Thirst

• Thirst - Animals have mechanisms for surviving
  long periods of time without food before they
  die, but some can only survive for a few days
  without water. Survival is dependent on water.

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Sleep

• Sleep - is triggered by a stimulus from the
  brain.
• Sleep is not an option it is required for
  survival.

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Behavior

• Some animal behaviors are instincts, or traits
  that the animal is born with, and some are
  learned behaviors, or behaviors that were taught
  to the animal, often by its parent.
• behavior - a specific action that an animal does
  that can be observed.
• These different behaviors influence animal
  survival.

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Learned Behavior

• Learned behavior - Behavior that has changed
  because of a certain experience or practice.
• Ex. a goldfish can be trained to come to the
  waters surface when a light is flashed.
• Many animals must learn how to hunt effectively
  for food.
• When the environment changes behavior patterns
  also change.

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Learned Behavior

• Learned behaviors are modified by experience. An
  organisms pattern of behavior is related to the
  organisms environment, including
• kinds and numbers of other organisms present,
• the availability of food and other resources,
• the physical characteristics of the environment.

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Inherited Behaviors

• Inherited behaviors - Behaviors that are passed
  on from parents to offspring.
• In higher invertebrates and vertebrates, the
  simplest form of inherited behavior is a reflex.
  A reflex, such as a frog jumping when touched, is
  simply an automatic reaction.

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Instincts

• A more complex inherited behavior is called an
  instinct.
• Examples of animals acting on instinct
• When a snail digs a hole to lay its eggs,
• a bird builds a special kind of nest,
• or when a fiddler crab waves its claw to attract
  a female.