Instrumentality in multidimensional terminological definitions

1
Instrumentality in multidimensional
terminological definitions
Terminology and Society November 2006

• P. Sambre C. Wermuth

2
Outline of talk

• Results
• Instrumental subtyping
• Statistical salience
• Recommen-dations for i-Term concept maps

• Objectives
• Refine theoretical status of instrumentality in
  terminology
• Descriptiveoutline onomasiogical typology
• From Meaning (instr)
• To words

• Approach
• Instrumentality in Cognitive Linguistics (CL)
• Mixed methodology
• Database
• Medical corpus
• Multilingual (here FR-GER)
• Multidisciplinary
• (here cardiology vs. microsurgery)

Top-down
Bottom-up
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Concept maps and i-Term
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations

• Concept mapping is a technique for visualizing
  the relations between different concepts.
• A concept map is a diagram showing the relations
  between concepts. Concepts are connected with
  labelled arrows, in a downward-branching
  hierarchical structure.
• i-Term
• Tool for concept mapping in terminology
• Terms
• Concept maps
• http//www.i-term.dk/

Concept maps
Definition
Relation types
i-Term relations
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Concept map relations generic/partitive
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations
Concept maps
Definition
Relation types
i-Term relations
Cohen (2002)
Schreiber 2006
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Concept map relations in I-term
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations
Concept maps
Generic / partitive relations
Definition
Relation types
Other relations
i-Term relations
Instrumentality is one of these  other
relations .
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Instrumentality in terminological definitions
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations

• Poorly analyzed topic
• In linguistics (Tabakowska 2002)
• In terminological ISO norms
• Some associative relations exist when dependence
  is established between concepts with respect to
  their proximity in space or time. These relations
  may involve raw material product, action
  equipment/tool, quantity unit, material
  property, material state, matter/substance
  property, concrete item material, concrete item
  shape, action target, action
  place/location, action actor, etc. Some
  relations involve events in time such as a
  process dependent on time or sequence others
  relate cause and effect. (ISO 704 16)
• Instrumentality as such is not defined, cf.
   Other relations  in i-Term
• Building bridges
• Convergent recent CL research
• Wermuth (2005)
• Sambre (2005)
• Wermuth Sambre (2006) exploratory study
• (Medical) concept modeling (CEN 1828)
• Concept maps

Instrumentality
Terminology
Some examples
Cognitive linguistics
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Some examples (English, cf. handouts)
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations

• DU toegang tot het netwerk via telefoon door
  middel van text-to-speech, Internet-diensten,
  enzovoort. passage 216EN access to the
  network via phone by means of text-to-speech,
  etc.
• DE Ersatz eines jeglichen Schrittmachertyps
  durch einen Zweikammer-SchrittmacherEN
  Replacement of any type pacemaker device with
  dual chamber device

Instrumentality
Terminology
Some examples
Cognitive linguistics
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Instrumentality in cognitive linguistics (CL)
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations

• Talmy (2000) force dynamics
• 428   force dynamics is a generalization over
  the traditional notion of  causative  in the
  linguistic literature. 
• Langacker (1987, 1991) action chain
• conceptualizes energy transfer from agent to
  patient, which can cause the patients moving.
• Involved semantic roles AG, INSTR, PAT
• Concretely
• AG gt INSTR gt PAT (gt MOVING)
• Agent transfers energy to patient and causes
  patient to move.

Instrumentality
In terminology
Some examples
In cognitive linguistics
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Instrumentality in CL our view
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations
Treatment conceptualized as process through time.
Medical domain implies physicians (MD),
instruments (INSTR) and patients (MP)
Causality implies two schemata.
Instrumentality part of causing process.
Causality moves patient from initial to final
state.
We focus on this instrumentality.
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Mixed methodology top-down and bottom-up
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations
Methodology
Mixed
Medical corpus
Database
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Medical corpus
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations

• Current global corpus
• Text library of 300 abstracts, ca 2000 sentences
• 5 languages DU-EN-FR-GE-IT
• 3 disciplines cardiology, intensive care,
  microsurgery
• This presentation subcorpus
• 80 abstracts, ca. 1000 sentences
• 2 languages FR-GER
• 2 disciplines cardiology, microsurgery
• Focus on central instrumentality (not nested
  ones)
• example A catheter (peripheral, nested)
  treatment was used (central) sucessfully.

Methodology
Mixed
Medical corpus
Database
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Methodology database structure
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations
Methodology
Sentences decomposed in 844 predications, of
which 487 are central, which we describe here.
80 text strings decomposed in 947 sentences.
Mixed
Medical corpus
Database
Database leads to predication typology.
Corpus with linguistic and discipline variation.
Salience within typology can be quantified.
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Descriptive results
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations

• Instrumental typology (5)
• Based on conceptual entities
• Process
• Thing
• Atemporal relation

• Grammatical classes
• Verb
• Noun
• Preposition
• Adjective
• Adverb
• gtcw

Results
Typology
Subtyping
Flowchart
Salience
General
Variation
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Instrumental type 1 process
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations

• Basic pattern
• Instrumental verb
• GE Antiarrhythmika terminieren Vorhofflimmern
  1305
• FR La resynchronisation cardiaque quel type
  dappareil utiliser? 326
• Le traitement bêtabloquant par carvédilol inhibe
  efficacement la sécrétion de rénine 329
• La reconstruction a permis de restaurer un doigt
  fonctionnel 379
• Light verb
• GE Herzkatheteruntersuchung durchführen 1337
• FR un peu plus de 180 centres pratiquent
  langioplastie 290
• Translations in your handout

Results
Typology
Subtyping
Flowchart
Salience
General
Variation
15
Instrumental type 2 thing
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations

• Basic pattern
• FR la synthèse par vis est considérée comme le
  gold standard du traitement chirurgical 395
• GE Angiographie 1435
• Complex patterns
• Technique compound
• GE MRT-Untersuchung 1262
• Substance administration
• FR Deux tentatives de sclérothérapie, l'une à
  l'alcool pur, l'autre à l'Éthibloc 430
• Artefact use of
• FR Lutilisation de gaines couplées au laser
  265

Results
Typology
Subtyping
Flowchart
Salience
General
Variation
16
Instrumental type 3 preposition
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations

• Basic patterns
• Prep 1 by means of
• GE charakterisieren mittels kardialer
  Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie 1362
• FR le brochage a été réalisé sous contrôle de
  l'écran d'ordinateur, sans fluoroscopie 405
• Prep 2 with
• FR un vissage avec agrafe 444
• GE Behandlung mit Bosentan 1277
• Prep 3 by ( hands of )
• FR Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus après
  section trans-osseuse par scie circulaire du
  majeur 376
• FR Les allongements digitaux par distraction
  progressive 430
• GE etwas anhand der derzeitigen Datenlage
  klinischer Studien beschreiben 1301

Results
Typology
Subtyping
Flowchart
Salience
General
Variation
17
Instrumental type 4 adjective
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations

• Basic pattern
• FR patient candidat au traitement arthroscopique
  351
• FR Le traitement bêtabloquant 269
• GE medikamentösen Kardioversion 1302
• Complex patterns
• GE katheterbasierte Septumablation 1411
• GE katheterinterventioneller Verschluss 1257

Results
Typology
Subtyping
Flowchart
Salience
General
Variation
18
Instrumental type 5 adverb
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations

• Basic pattern
• FR Les fractures traitées orthopédiquement 416
• GE angiographisch untersuchen 1225
• GE histologisch nachweisen 1329

Results
Typology
Subtyping
Flowchart
Salience
General
Variation
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Flowchart for instrumental subtyping according to
conceptual entities
Results
Typology
Subtyping
Flowchart
Salience
General
Variation
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Typology and salience in general
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations
Instrumentality 5 subtypes
Results
Things and atemporal preposition most prominent
instrumental subtypes
Typology
Subtyping
Expected predominance of processes not attested
Flowchart
Salience
Adjectives and adverbs non-neglectable subtypes
General
Variation
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Typology and salience linguistic variation
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations
Results
Salience of instrumental subtypes according to
discipline
Typology
Prepositions dominant in microsurgery
Subtyping
Different salience patterns in cardiology vs.
microsurgery
Flowchart
Salience
General
Variation
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Typology and salience linguistic variation
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations
These findings have implications for multilingual
terminology.
Salience in instrumental types has linguistic
bias.
Results
Typology
Subtyping
Prepositional type much more dominant in German
Flowchart
Focus on prepositions in literature might be
caused by English, viz. Germanic perspective in
linguistic description of instrumentality.
Salience
General
Variation
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A consequence for i-Term multidimensionality
(and instrumentality)
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtCognitive
linguisticsgtMethodgtResultsgtRecommendations
Recommen-dations
Generic relations (pharmacological hierarchy)
Generic and partitive relations
Partitive relations (chemical structure)
Other relations (instrumental use)
Instrumental-causal relations
Bosentan example cf. Clozel et al. (1994))
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Lookback and impact
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtgtRecommendationsgtCon
clusionsgtBiblio and discussion

• We provided a CL framework for instrumentality
  combining Talmy and Langacker.
• This framework can be applied in the medical IT
  context.
• Instrumentality is conceptually coded in terms of
  different conceptual entities (in Langackers
  sense).
• This conceptual coding has an onomasiological
  grammatical structure.
• A terminological definition potentially has a
  multidimensional structure.
• This structure does not only include generic and
  partititve, but also associative relations, like
  instrumentality.

• Impact on ontology/terminology (OT)
• OT has to rely on a cognitive theory.
• OT must be based on authentic medical language
  data.
• A so-called OT associative relation like
  instrumentality ought to be described upstream
  singular conceptual entities instead of a priori
  linguistic entities.
• OT should take into consideration this
  instrumental subtyping in its definitions.
• i-Term should integrate multidimensional
  definitions.
• i-Term should integrate instrumentality as part
  of this multidimensional definition.

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Bibliography and discussion
Concept mapsgtInstrumentalitygtgtRecommendationsgtCon
clusionsgtBiblio and discussion

• CEN ENV 1828 (1999). Health-informatics.
  Categorial structure for classifications and
  coding systems of surgical procedures.
• Cohen, S. (2005). Philosophy of Aristotle.
  Typoscript. Washington University of Washington.
• Clozel, M. et al. (1994.) Pharmacological
  characterization of bosentan, a new potent orally
  active nonpeptide endothelin receptor antagonist.
  Pharmacology, vol. 270, Issue 1., 228-235.
• Cruse, A. et al. (2002). Lexicology. An
  International Handbook on the Nature and
  Structure of Words and Vocabularies. Berlin
  Mouton de Gruyter.
• ISO (2000). ISO 704. Terminology work -
  Principles and methods. Travail terminologique -
  Principes et méthodes. Genève ISO.
• Langacker, R. W. (1987). Foundations of cognitive
  grammar. Theoretical Foundations. Stanford
  Stanford University Press.
• Langacker, R. W. (1991). Foundations of cognitive
  grammar. Volume 2 Descriptive applications.
  Stanford Stanford University Press.
• Sambre, P. (2005). Conceptualisation et émergence
  de la définition en langue naturelle. Une étude
  de cas sur Internet en néerlandais et en
  français. Leuven KU Leuven (PhD).
• Sambre, P. C. Wermuth (2006). Instrumentality
  and Causality in Medical Ontology. Presentation
  at 2nd Biennial Russian Conference on Cognitive
  Science, Saint Petersburg, June 2006.
• Schreiber, G. (2006). Ontology Patterns.
  Typoscript. Amsterdam School for Information and
  Knowledge Systems.
• Talmy, L. (2000). Towards a Cognitive Semantics.
  Vol. I Concept structuring Systems. Cambridge
  (Mass.) MIT Press.
• Tabakowka, E. (2002). What can the Polish
  instrumental be instrumental in? In
  Lewandowska-Tomaseczyk, B. K. Turewicz (eds.).
  Cognitive Linguistics Today. Bern Peter Lang,
  375-396.
• Wermuth, C. (2005). Een framegebaseerde
  benadering van classificatierubrieken
  cardiovasculaire rubrieken als case study.
  Amsterdam VU Amsterdam (PhD).
• Wermuth C. P. Sambre (2006). The
  Conceptualization of Instrumental Definition.
  Presentation at The Study of Linguistics and
  Translation, Ghent, January 2006.

Contact paul.sambre_at_lessius.eucornelia.wermuth_at_l
essius.eu