Established%20and%20supported%20under%20the%20Australian

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• Program 1.
• Increasing the reliability of grain supply and
  reducing feed costs.

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Mike Taverner Program Leader for Program 1 Leader
sub-program 1a Innovative grain production
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Relative business indicators
Business indicator USA NZ Australia Brazil
COP (A/kg) 1.48 2.62 2.20 1.10
HFC- CW 3.68 3.90 4.20 3.8
Carcass Wt./sow/y (kg) 1700 1365 1450 1550
Feed (/tonne) 200 335 270 lt 220
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Research program 1

• Investment in this area will lead to reduced
  production costs through
• More reliable and consistent protein and energy
  supplies
• Innovative grain, pulse and oilseed production
• Developing novel ingredients.

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Program 1. Increasing the reliability of grain
supply and reducing feed costs.

• TARGETS
• Reduce average feed costs by 10
• Increase the DE of grains by 1.0 MJ/kg

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Program 1 Securing more reliable and consistent
supplies of protein and energy for pig diets

• Subprogram 1a Innovative grain production
• Subprogram 1b Quality assessment of feed
  ingredients
• Subprogram 1c Wider range of feed ingredients
  for use in pig diets

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What we are doing about it

• Improving grain production

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Site 1 Pittsworth
Site 2 Lundarva
Site 3 Weemelah
Site 4 Inverell
Site 5 Walgett
Site 6 Narrabri
Site 7 Breeza
Site 8 Curban
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NIR Calibrations
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• The ideal cereal grain for pigs should allow
• complete digestion of starch by the end of the
  small intestines,
• a high proportion of starch digestion occurring
  in the upper section of the small intestines,
• thin and fragile endosperm cell walls with low
  amounts of non-starch polysaccharides and having
  a short chain-length  

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• CRC projects
• TRITICALE 1A 102
• BARLEY 1A 101
• PEAS 1A 104

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• substantial increases in the availability of
  energy (0.5-1.5 MJ/kg) could be derived for pigs
  if more energy were digested in the small
  intestines.

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What we are doing about it

• Improving grain production
• Improving grain processing

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Projects in sub-program 1b

• Processing methods for improving the utilization
  of cereal grains by pigs.
• Canola meal value chain quality improvement.
• NIRS calibrations for predicting the nutritional
  quality of feed ingredients for pigs.
• Determining the nutritive value of weather
  damaged grains for pigs using NIRS
• Effects of genetics and processing on the value
  of sorghums for ethanol production and pig
  nutrition

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What we are doing about it

• Improving grain production
• Improving grain processing
• Creating supply chains

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• Sub-program 1a
• GRAINSEARCH 1A-103
• Practical guidelines for the production and
  supply chain arrangements to deliver new and
  existing cereal and cultivars for the pig
  industry

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What we are doing about it

• Improving grain production
• Improving grain processing
• Creating supply chains
• Finding alternatives

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Sub-program 1c

•  
• REVIEWS
• Novel and alternative feeds for use in the pig
  industry in Australia
• Review of Promising Novel Crops for pigs

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Novel feeds workshop priority areas

• Novel by-products
• DDGS
• Glycerine/biodiesel
• Regional analysis of needs opportunities
• Fruit vegetable waste
• Food waste treatment
• Dairy sludge

• Novel crops
• Pearl millet
• Pearl lupins
• Root crops
• Forage crops and styloanthes
• ANF management

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Program 1

• Improving grain production
• Improving grain processing
• Creating supply chains
• Finding alternatives

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What is Triticale

• Man made crop
• Cross Between Durum Wheat and Rye
• AABBRR - Hexaploid

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TRITICALE

• Improved Production Through Breeding and Agronomy

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Project Aims

• Improved Yields
• Breeding Inbred and Hybrids
• Agronomy
• Improved Quality
• DE, I/F Ratio, Intake
• NIR

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Progress

• Yield Trials and Rust Assessment of New Inbreds
• NIR Testing of a Subset of Lines.

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Grain Yield of Spring Triticale
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Pig DE (MJ/kg)
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Pig I/F Ratio
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Line Pig FDE (MJ/kg as fed) Rank Pig I/F DE ratio Rank Pig FDE Intake Index Rank Yield (t/ha) Tahara Rank SR YR
JRCT-130 14.59 1 0.8680 4 54.11 58 7.56 130.6 1 5-6 1
JCRT-74 14.25 8 0.8520 28 60.73 52 7.47 129.0 2 3,6 2
JRCT-56 13.91 29 0.8570 14 69.66 11 7.42 128.2 3 4 1
JRCT-230 14.02 20 0.8555 16 63.58 42 7.3 126.1 4 2 2-3
JRCT-149 13.73 52 0.8395 50 75.48 1 7.29 125.9 5 2-3 1
JRCT-101 14.55 2 0.8750 1 56.15 55 7.25 125.2 6 3 3
Treat 14.05 19 0.8535 24 61.90 49 6.1 105.4 52 1 4
Prime 322 13.82 44 0.8505 34 71.71 7 6.06 104.7 56 1 4
Tahara 14.12 17 0.8555 17 55.88 56 5.79 100.0 69 1 2-3
Everest 13.96 27 0.8510 33 62.17 48 5.73 99.0 71 1 5
Kosciuszko 13.81 47 0.8525 26 64.83 31 5.45 94.1 80 1 6
Credit 13.79 50 0.8395 53 64.16 37 5.34 92.2 86 1 5
Abacus 13.97 26 0.8600 10 67.15 19 5.14 88.8 92 1 4
Tickit 13.98 25 0.8485 39 55.07 57 5.07 87.6 94 1 4
lsd 1 0.229   0.0129   5.83   0.945 (5) 0.945 (5)  
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Lines from Dual-Purpose Program

• Jackie Released 2000
• Breakwell 2005. 10 higher yield
• AT528 2007. 20 higher yield
• AT574 2008. 30 higher yield.

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Semi-dwarfs and Hybrids

• Semi-dwarfs anticipate a 10-20 increase in
  yield.
• Hybrids cytolplasmic male sterile
• male sterile x maintainer
• (T.timophevii) (normal wheat cytolplasm)

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Hybrids

• Cross ms x Restorer Hybrid
• Tested using old maintainer
• Visual assessment at Cowra rated hybrids better
  than corresponding inbreds

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Hybrids

• Hybrid with JRCT101 was rated as the best plot
• JRCT74 appeared to be a maintainer.
• Produce hybrid from these two lines.

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Hybrids

• Should be able to achieve 20 heterosis
• Ultimate aim to produce a semi-dwarf hybrid.

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GRAINSEARCH
Pork CRC Annual ConferenceNovember 23, 2006
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Overview
AIM To supply high yielding varieties with
superior agronomy and predictable price, quality
and supply
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Grainsearch

• Two areas of investigation
• Varieties and agronomy
• increased yield
• Supply Chain Groups
• variety
• agronomy
• pricing delivery

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Examples

• Charles IFE Group
• Varieties
• Agronomy
• Delivery over supply last year, (no pricing)
• Western Plains Pork (WPP)
• Includes pricing

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Grain supply pricing

• Understanding our wheat price

CBOT Futures
Exchange Rate
Basis (Domestic effect)
A per tonne at a given location and time
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3 components

• Grain can be priced by locking in all 3
  components at different times
• To protect against drought prices
• To take advantage of exchange rate
• To take advantage of world supply conditions

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Western Plains PorkCase study 05/06

• April 05 agreed to supply/purchase at 0 basis
• April 05 growers locked in CBOT futures at
  3.70/bu
• April 05 WPP locked in exchange rate at 76c
• May 05 WPP locked in CBOT futures at 3.20/bu
• Dec 05 Growers locked in exchange rate at 74c

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Western Plains PorkCase study 05/06 (contd)

• Final Prices
• Grower WPP
• 3.70 Futures 3.20
• .74c Exchange rate .76c
• 0 Basis 0
• 183 /t 155/t

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Wheat CBOT
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Western Plains PorkCase study 06/07

• March, 2006
• WPP buys wheat with swaps from the bank at 209/t
  for Dec 06 (cash settled)
• WPP buys basis (i.e. agreement to deliver grain)
  from grower co-op at
• -15/t
• WPP fixed price 194/t

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Pricing mechanisms used within supply chain groups

• Advantages
• Group of farmers committed to growing quality
  feed grains
• Both consumer and producer are able to have
  ability to make their own price decisions - Not
  competing
• Protection from drought price fluctuations
• More feed grains grown due to longer term price
  certainty / more stable market

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End user requirement re feed supply

• Guaranteed supply
• Quality
• Pricing
• Avoiding extremes
• Budgeting margin (price maker)

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WPP experience

• Outline
• Past and present
• Lessons
• Where to?

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At present

• What characterises the grain supply side?
• Uncertain demand
• Uncertain price
• Why would a grain grower wish to be a dedicated
  feed grain producer?

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At present

• Grainsearch direction to date
• Encourage dedicated feed grain production with
• Superior varieties and agronomy
• Increased production increased supply ?

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Future Direction

• Changing industry mindsets
• Grain producers, end users and
• marketers
• Encourages and rewards feed grain growers in a
  similar manner to competing millers maltsters

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Future Direction

• A production system that encourages industry
  adoption of
• Dedicated feed grain production
• Supply chain group establishment
• Superior varieties agronomy,
• The use of grain price risk management products
• Assured delivery pricing
• Competes with milling / malting industry

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Thank you!

• Thank you!

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Project 1B-103-0506 Canola Meal Value Chain
Quality Improvement Jointly Funded by Pork
CRC Australian Oilseed Federation John Spragg
- JCS Solutions Rod Mailer - NSW DPI
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Relevant Pork CRC outputs addressed 1.17.1
Investigate alternate processing techniques for
oil extraction of canola seeds to increase
bioavailability of lysine 1.15.1 1.15.2 NIR
calibrations developed for measuring reactive
lysine in canola meal application and use of
the NIR calibration
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• Project Objectives Stage 1
• Identification of variation in nutritional
  quality of canola meal produced within Australian
  crushing plants.
• Establish a reactive lysine NIR calibration for
  finished meal with application for further
  research and commercial use.
• Gain information on canola meal processing
  conditions and their impact upon meal quality.

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Crushing Plant Processing Conditions
Variable
Seedcake into Screw Press temperature
Seedcake exit Screw Press temperature
Desolventising Toaster exit temperature
Post DT temperature
Finished Meal temperature
Crushing Stage and Lysine Digestibility -
broilers
8-10 decline in lysine dig. due to heat
processing
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Methodology Co-operation of crushing plants to
take samples 8 plants 3 Solvent extraction 4
Expeller 1 Cold press expeller Sampling 270
samples collected 3 time periods weeks 3 days
within each time period 3 samplings per
day Sequenced sampling Seed, Expeller, Post
Solvent, Post DT, Finished Meal
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Results Summary Canola Meal Samples

      Cold Press Expeller Solvent
    No. 9 32 27
Oil as is Mean 12.69 10.72 3.43
Min 9.44 8.54 1.78
Max 16.97 12.12 4.81
    Std 2.241 0.652 0.701
Protein as is Mean 35.11 36.61 37.32
Min 34.12 31.58 33.34
Max 36.55 41.27 42.53
    Std 0.766 2.859 1.871
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      Cold Press Expeller Solvent
Ash as is Mean 5.91 6.38 7.07
Crude Fibre as is Mean 12.46 11.30 10.86
ADF as is Mean 17.85 16.70 16.35
NDF as is Mean 26.34 23.65 24.07
Bulk Density kg/hl Mean 58.6 59.3 52.4
CHO as is Mean 9.62 9.87 10.46
Glucosinolates umoles/g Mean 7.93 4.51 1.73
Sinapine g/kg Mean 9.32 9.84 7.92
Linoleic Acid as is Mean 2.73 2.31 0.87
Other Tannins, Minerals, Amino Acids, Fatty
Acid Profile, Phytate P
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Canadian Canola Meal Glucosinolates ave. 16
umoles/g Rapeseed Meal 120 -150 umoles/g
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Effect of Processing upon Protein Quality
Gross reactive lysine content was shown to be a
good indicator of true ileal digestible reactive
lysine content (and thus the degree of heat
damage) van Barneveld et al 1999 Capacity to
utilise NIR calibrations to quantify the extent
of heat damage upon protein quality
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Canola meal lysine content (g/kg, air-dry) Canola meal lysine content (g/kg, air-dry) Canola meal lysine content (g/kg, air-dry)
Cold-pressed Expeller Solvent
van Barneveld et al 1999
Total Lysine 17.41 17.25 18.70
Reactive Lysine 13.00 10.88 11.38
Reverted Lysine heat damaged 25.3 36.9 39.1
2006 AOF/Pork CRC
Total Lysine 20.68 19.58 20.17
Reactive Lysine 17.80 15.46 15.42
Reverted Lysine heat damaged 13.9 21.0 23.5
8-12 Lysine loss due to heat processing
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Processing Conditions Seedcake expeller exit
temp 53 - 122C Cold Press through to high temp
processing Desolventising toaster exit temp 98 -
115C Expeller plants use heat and pressure to
expel oil Solvent plants use solvent extraction
to increase oil recovery. Heat damage is
occurring in both expeller and DT areas.
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Research Outcomes

• Identification of Canola Meal Quality Variation
• Work with crushers to address variation - AOF
• 2. Reactive Lysine NIR Calibration
• Enhanced Reactive Lysine NIR calibration
• Lower cost method of assessing canola meal
  quality
• Tool for further work in crushing plants
• 3. Industry Canola Meal Nutritional Guide
• Publication of results for dissemination to
  Australian animal feed industries
• Detailed analysis results for use in feed
  formulation

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• Stage 2 Subject to funding approval
• Optimising processing conditions at crushing
  plants canola meal
• On site modifications crusher co-oper.
• Meal quality rapidly assessed at low cost NIR
• Livestock trials to validate data
• Pigs (poultry, cattle)
• Protein digestibility energy
• Publication of guidelines for crushers
• Extension to assess imported soybean meal quality

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Enhancing the value of sorghum for pigs1b
101-105John BlackPork CRC subprogram 1b
coordinator
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Energy value of grains for animals

• Cereal grains are fed to livestock as a source of
  energy
• Available (digestible energy) content (MJ/kg)
• Intake (kg/d) influenced by rate of passage
• Available energy intake (MJ/d) total energy
  available for production
• Available energy expressed as
• DE for pigs, but proportion digested in small
  intestines is important for determining total
  energy available

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Premium Grains for Livestock Program

• Grains vary widely in DE
• Range in DE (MJ/kg DM) for pigs
• Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum
• 12.4-15.0 10.6-14.7 12.3-16.5
  15.5-16.6
• Variation in DE 3-4 MJ/kg less for sorghum
• Sorghum has highest DE

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Sorghum digested differently in pigs compared
with poultry

• Pigs Broilers
• Ileal DE 13.0 16.1
• Faecal DE/AME 16.4 15.9
• Ileal/faecal 0.85 1.01
• Broilers digest more energy from sorghum in small
  intestine
• Opportunity to increase digestion of sorghum in
  small intestine of pigs gain 1-2MJ/kg in
  available energy

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PGLP Results
No correlation between DE and intake
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Protein Matrix Sorghum
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Protein Matrix Sorghum
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Research strategies

• Goals
• Increase digestion of sorghum starch in SI of
  pigs
• Increase intake of sorghum based diets
• Improve energy value of DDGS from ethanol
  production
• Research Strategies
• Select from 200 lines grown in different
  environments samples with highest starch
  digestibility and intake
• Deliverables
• Identify sorghum lines with enhanced value for
  pigs and ethanol
• DNA markers for breeding high value sorghum for
  pigs ethanol
• NIR calibrations for identifying high starch
  availability, intake and high energy DDGS
• Processing methods, including enzymes, for
  improving sorghum value

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Micro-waved sorghum
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Name Avril Finn Masters of Tropical Animal
Science James Cook University, Townsville Start
Date February 2006 Title Improving
utilisation of sorghum grain by pigs through feed
additives
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Improving utilisation of sorghum grain by pigs
through feed additives

• Sorghums to be selected and assessed by
• NIR
• Weaner trials
• Grower trials
• Ileal and faecal DE

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Additives to be tested for improving sorghum

• Enzymes protease, amylase and phytase
• Emulsifier (with surfactant properties) in
  combination with enzyme
• Copper sulphate

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Weaner trial

• 7.5kg pigs
• 3 week feeding
• 20 pigs / treatment
• 32 treatments / grains
• At QAF

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Preliminary Results

• Feed conversion ratio

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Preliminary Results

• Rate of gain

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Novel Feed Materials for the Australian Pig
Industry

• Sub program 1C.

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CRC Sub-Program 1c

• What is the potential for novel feed ingredients?
• Wider range of feed ingredients
• More reliable, consistent and cost competitive
  energy and protein supplies
• Reduce variation and average feed costs for the
  pig industry

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Starting point

• Two separate reports commissioned
• Experience and contacts in respective fields
• Novel and alternative feeds for use in the pig
  industry in Australia
• Victorian Department of Primary Industries
• Cherie Collins, Ray King, Frank Dunshea, Paul
  Eason, Chris Hofmeyr
• Review of promising novel crops for pigs
• Queensland Department of Primary Industries and
  West Australian Department of Agriculture
• Danny Singh, John Kopinski and Jay Kim, Bruce
  Mullan

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Novel feeds workshop priority areas

• Novel by-products
• DDGS
• Glycerine/biodiesel
• Regional analysis of needs opportunities
• Fruit vegetable waste
• Food waste treatment
• Dairy sludge

• Novel crops
• Pearl millet
• Pearl lupins
• Root crops
• Forage crops and styloanthes
• ANF management

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Areas for immediate focus

• DDGS
• Pearl Millet
• Desk top studies
• Regional analysis of needs opportunities
• Fruit and vegetable waste
• Root and forage crops
• Pearl lupins
• Food waste treatment and management
• Glycerol
• Dairy sludge

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1.Ethanol production and DDGS
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Dried Distillers Grains Solubles

• Highest priority material
• Potential scale of industry?
• Legislated inclusion of ethanol or industry
  subsidies will affect the overall scale
• Competition for grain and likely upward effect on
  energy costs
• Significant supply of DDGS as a by-product

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Ethanol industry players

• Manildra, Nowra NSW is the only current working
  plant of scale
• Australian Ethanol Ltd promoting another working
  plant in Southern NSW inside 2 years
• Numerous other proposed plants throughout eastern
  Australia
• Ethanol Producers Association
• Understand and influence the development of the
  ethanol industry to benefit the pig industry

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What we do dont know about DDGS

• More than one waste stream
• Dried distillers grains
• Solubles (liquid)
• Number of grains can be used as feedstocks
• Potential for different quality/value
• Manufacturing process involves some heating and
  drying
• Sometimes blended with dry materials
• Will there be differences between manufacturing
  plants?

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What we do dont know about DDGS

• Colour, protein, nutrient content, availability
  and handling properties can change substantially
• Process concentrates residual components of the
  grain
• Fibre
• Gums
• Mycotoxins?
• Accuracy of book values??
• Lack of independent values for Aust. material

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Future CRC Programs 1.

• Collect DDGS from various feedstocks and plants
• Establish accepted feeding values
• Establish appropriate economic values
• Grain varieties that maximise the quality of DDGS
  - GRDC
• Develop quality programs and rapid analysis
  techniques (NIR) to measure quality/value

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Future CRC Programs 2.

• Establish maximum inclusion rates for various
  class of pigs
• Investigate enzymes and technology to maximise
  feeding value
• Quantify mycotoxin load
• Establish working relationships within the
  Ethanol industry
• Feasibility for importation of DDGS from U.S.A

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2. Pearl Millet

• Feeding values established and accepted
• Agronomic performance equivalent or better than
  sorghum
• Adoption by pig producers and crop growers has
  been poor

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2. Pearl Millet - CRC focus

• Focus on adoption strategies and promotional
  tools
• Closed loop systems ideal
• growers, agronomy, feed and pig producers
• Develop breeding programs to increase stocks of
  higher yielding varieties
• Investigate potential for widening the growing
  area

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3a. Regional analysis study.

• Majority of by-products and some crops tend to be
  region specific
• Likely to be different nutrient shortages and
  surpluses between regions
• Different unit cost cost pressures on a nutrient
  basis for pig diets throughout Australia

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3a. Regional analysis study.

• Parametric studies to define nutrient costs for
  specific regions
• Various classes of pig
• Present and future
• Need model of supply and demand for all potential
  feed commodities
• Dairy Aust., Meat and Livestock Aust.
• Ethanol?

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3b.Fruit and vegetable waste

• Large volumes of vegetable waste produced
  regularly
• Citrus, apple/pear, tomato, grape, olive etc.
• Volumes produced exceed capacity of ruminant
  industrys consumption
• Typically considered poor feed value for
  monogastrics
• Conduct review on potential for enzyme technology
  (new or near) to enable utilisation of vegetable
  waste

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3c. Root and forage crops

• Crops with highest potential to decrease feed
  cost are those with highest yields
• Root and forage crops tend to have high biomass
• May have some specific regional agronomic
  advantage
• Maybe specific to certain class of pig
• Have different management and handling properties
  compared conventional materials
• A review on the feasibility of root and forage
  crops for feeding and handling prospects

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3d. Pearl Lupins

• Dedicated feed grain
• High protein and oil content (low hull and high
  kernel content)
• Anti nutritional factors (alkaloid) appear to be
  a limiting factor
• Low alkaloid varieties tend to be lower yielding
• Small amount of grain available

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3d. Pearl Lupins CRC focus

• Obtain samples to conduct chemical analysis and
  determine alkaloid content
• Determine agronomic potential
• trials in eastern Australia
• Expand crops availability through breeding
  programs
• GRDC, Pulse Aust., WA Dept Ag
• Determine animal performance

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3e. Food waste treatment

• Significant amount of food waste generated
• High level of logistical and disposal problems
• Land fill restrictions
• APL and CRC to determine long term feasibility of
  undertaking partnerships in food waste management

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4. Glycerol

• By-product of manufacturing biodiesel
• Relatively high in energy
• Small number of decentralised plants

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