Memory

1
Memory

• Memory
• persistence of learning over time via the storage
  and retrieval of information
• _________________________________________________
  ________________________________

2
Memory

• Memory as Information Processing (3)
• similar to a computer
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• (1) ______________________
• the processing of information into the memory
  system
• i.e., extracting meaning

3
Memory

• (2) _______________
• the retention of encoded information over time
• (3)________________
• process of getting information out of memory

4
Memory Atkinson Shiffin - 3 Stages

• (1) ______________ Memory
• the immediate, initial recording of ___________
  information in the memory system
• (2a) _____________ Memory
• focuses more on the processing of briefly stored
  information

5
Memory

• (2b) _____________Memory
• activated memory that holds a few items briefly
• look up a phone number, then quickly dial before
  the information is forgotten
• (3) _____________ Memory
• the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse
  of the memory system

6
A Simplified Memory Model
1
2
3
7
Encoding Getting Information In
8
Encoding

• _____________Processing
• requires attention and conscious effort
• Rehearsal
• conscious repetition of information
• to _____________________________
• to encode it for storage

9
Encoding

• Automatic Processing
• unconscious encoding of incidental information
• space
• time
• frequency
• well-learned information
• word meanings
• we can learn automatic processing
• reading backwards

__________________________________________________
___________________
10
Encoding

• _________used nonsense syllables
• TUV ZOF GEK WAV
• the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer
  repetitions to relearn on Day 2
• Spacing Effect
• ______________ ___________yields better long-
  term retention than _________________practice

11
What Do We Encode?

• Semantic Encoding
• encoding of ______________ including meaning of
  words
• Acoustic Encoding
• encoding of _________________
• especially sound of words
• Visual Encoding
• encoding of _____________

12
Encoding

• Imagery
• __________ pictures
• a powerful aid to effortful processing,
  especially when combined with semantic encoding
• _________________________
• _____________________
• especially those techniques that use vivid
  imagery and organizational devices

our first memories are of mental images
13
Subjects shown related elements such as a doll
sitting on a chair and waving a flag (A) are
more likely to associate the three objects next
to words doll, flag, and chair than subjects who
are shown the three objects next to each other
but not interacting (B)
Effects of Imagery
A
B
14
Encoding

• Chunking
• organizing items into familiar, manageable units
• like horizontal organization--1776149218121941
• often occurs _______________________
• use of acronyms
• HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
• ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Toms House Might Eat Toms
  Ice Cream

15
Encoding Chunking

• ___________ information is more easily recalled

16
Encoding

• Hierarchies - organizing
• complex information _________ ____ _______ broad
  concepts and further subdivided into categories
  and subcategories

17
Storage Retaining Information
Sensory Memory (2 types)

• Iconic Memory (_______________)
• a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
• a photographic or picture image memory lasting no
  more that a few tenths of a second
• Echoic Memory (_____________)
• momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

18
StorageLong-Term Memory

• How does storage work?
• Karl Lashley (1950)
• rats learn maze
• lesion cortex
• test memory
• Synaptic changes
• Long-term __________________
• increase in synapses firing potential after
  brief, rapid stimulation
• Strong _________make for stronger memories
• some stress hormones boost learning and retention

(like sledding)
19
StorageLong-Term Memory

• Amnesia--the loss of memory
• ____________ Memory
• memory of facts and experiences that one can
  consciously __________and ______________
• also called declarative memory
• hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that
  helps process explicit memories for storage
• Implicit Memory
• retention independent of conscious recollection
• also called ___________l memory

(all of your knowledge)
(how to do something)
20
Storage Long-Term Memory Subsystems
21
StorageLong-Term Memory

• MRI scan of hippocampus (in red)

Limbic system in general
_________________
22
Retrieval Getting Information Out

• Recall
• measure of memory in which the person must
  retrieve information learned earlier
• as on a __________________ test
• Recognition
• Measure of memory in which the person has only to
  identify items previously learned
• as on a _______________ test

23
Retrieval

• Relearning
• memory measure that assesses the amount of time
  saved when learning material a _______________
  time
• Priming
• activation, often unconsciously, of particular
  associations in memory
• ____________ and following it

24
Retrieval Cues

• Deja Vu (French)--already seen
• cues from the current situation may
  subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier
  similar experience
• "I've experienced this before."
• Mood-_______________ Memory
• tendency to recall experiences that are
  consistent with ones current mood
• memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval
  cues
• ________________________ Memory
• what is learned in one state (high, drunk, or
  depressed) can more easily be remembered when in
  same state

25
Forgetting - pp.365-366

• (1) Forgetting as __________failure
• Information never enters the long-term memory

26
Retrieval

• (2) Forgetting can result from failure to
  __________ information from long-term memory

Decay passage of timei.e., retrograde amnesia
electroshock therapy
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Forgetting as Interference (3)

• Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of
  other information
• _________ (forward acting) Interference
• disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of
  new information
• ________________ (backwards acting) Interference
• disruptive effect of new learning on recall of
  old information

28
Forgetting as Interference
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Forgetting - situational

• Too much ___________________
• Environmental factors
• State-dependent memory

30
Forgetting

• Forgetting can occur at any memory stage
• As we process information, we filter, alter, or
  lose much of it

31
Forgetting- Interference

• Motivated Forgetting
• people unknowingly ________ memories
• Repression
• ____________ mechanism that banishes from
  consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts,
  feelings, and memories

32
Memory Construction

• We filter information and ___________ missing
  pieces
• Misinformation Effect
• incorporating _______________information into
  one's memory of an event
• Source Amnesia
• attributing to the _______________ an event that
  we experienced, heard about, read about, or
  imagined (misattribution)

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Schematized memory
34
Memory Construction
aliens

• Memories of Abuse
• Repressed or Constructed?
• Child sexual abuse does occur
• Some adults do actually forget such episodes
• _________________ Memory Syndrome
• condition in which a persons identity and
  relationships center around a false but strongly
  believed memory of traumatic experience
• sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists

35
Memory Construction

• Most people can agree on the following
• Injustice happens
• Incest happens
• _______________________ happens
• Recovered memories are commonplace
• Memories recovered under hypnosis or drugs are
  especially unreliable
• Memories of things happening before age 3 are
  unreliable
• Memories, whether false or real, are upsetting

36
Improve Your Memory

• Study repeatedly to boost recall
• Spend more time _________________or actively
  thinking about the material
• Make material ____________ meaningful
• Use mnemonic devices
• associate with peg words--something already
  stored
• make up story
• chunk--acronyms

37
Improve Your Memory

• Activate retrieval cues--mentally ______________
  situation and mood
• Recall events while they are fresh-- before you
  encounter misinformation
• _______________ interference
• ______________ ____________________
• Test your own knowledge
• rehearse
• determine what you do not yet know