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???? ??? ??? ????? 1 ???? ???????? ?????
2 ???? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????
????? ?????? 3, ?? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ????
?????, ???? ?????? 4. ????? 5 ?? ????? ????
????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????, ???? ?????????
????. ????? ?) ??????? ???? ????? ???? CNO ??
????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ?) ??????? ?????
????? ???? CNO ??? ??????, ?????? ?????
??????????. ?) ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??
?????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ???? ??? ????, ????
????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????. ?) ????????
???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????
(RGB). ?) ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????, ??
?????? ??? ??????. ?) ?????? ????? ??????? ???
????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ???
??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????-???????.
logL
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?????? ?? ??????? ??????
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?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? P10-ISM.doc
?? P10-ISM.pdf ??? ??????? ???? ??????
?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???????
????, ???? ??????? ?? ???.
8
?????-??? Herbig-Haro objects ???? ???? ????
???? ??? ???. ????? ?????. ????? ????? (????? ??
???????) ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????.
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?????-??? Herbig-Haro objects
HH34
??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????.
?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?"? ?? ???.
?????
10
HH111 ?????-??? Herbig-Haro objects ????
?????? 12 ???? ??? (????? ?? ???????)
????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????
???? ????? ???????.
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HH-47 ?????-??? Herbig-Haro
objects ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? (????? ??
???????)
"???? ?????" Working surface
??????? ?????? Reflection nebula
???? ?????
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?????? ???????? ?????
???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????
??? ???? ??? 10 ????? ???? ??? (????? ?????)
?????? ?. ??????? ???????? ???? ?. ?????
????? ?????? ????? ???
????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????
?????. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? (??
????? ??? ????? ???? ????)
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??? ????? - ???
????? 20 ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????
(Lineweaver and Grether)
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????? ???? ????
????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???, ??? ???? ??
???? ??? ?? ???? ???
????? ??????
?????? ??????
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???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ??.
??????? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ????.
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.??? ???? - ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????
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????.
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(No Transcript)
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???? ?? ??????? (???? 12,000 ???? ??? ???? 70
???? ???)
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??? ??? (???????) ???????
??? ??? (???????) ????
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??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
21
??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? 5000 ????
???
??????? ??? ????
22
??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????
23
?????? ?????? ??????
NGC 3603
SOAR Telescope
???? ?? ??? ?????
24
????? ????? ??? (??????)
?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? (??? 1775
???? 1796) ?????? ?????? ?) ?? ????? ????
?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?) ?????? ?????? ?)
?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????
????? ?????? 200 ?????? ???????? ?????. ???????
??????? ??? ??????? ???????.
25
????? ????? ???? ??????? ??
????? ????? ?? ??? ?????
???? ??????
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????? ????? ??? (??????)
?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???
???? ?????? ?? ?????
27
????? ????? ??? (??????)
?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? (5 ?? 800 ?????
????). ???? ?- 100 ?????? ???????????.
28
??????? ???????? ?"? ?????? ?????????
???? ????? 60 ???? ??? ???? ?- 400 ?????
????? ?? ???? ???? ????
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??????? ???????? ?"? ?????? ?????????
???? ?????? 1000 ????? ???? ???? ???? ????
30
???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????
(1) ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? (2) ??? ????
???? ???? ???? ????? ???? (3) ?? ?????? ?????
??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? (4)
???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????
(5) ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????
r-process))? (6) ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????
?????? ??????? ????, ???????? ?????? ?? ????.
(7) ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????. (8) ???
??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?'??????, ???????
???????? Ia (9) ?? ??? ?? V838 Mon (??? ?? ????
?????? ????? ?????)? (10) ??? ?????? ???????
??????? ?????? (11) ???? ?????? ?????? ???
??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????
????? ????????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????
?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????.
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????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ????!
????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? 100 ????
????, ????? ???? ?-18 ??? 1960 ????? ???????
???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????
?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? 4 ?????
?????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????
?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ??????? ?????,
??? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ???????, ??? ??????
????? ??????? ??. ????? ??? ??????? ?????????
????? ??????? ?????? ???. ??? ???????? ???????
??? ?????? ??? ??????????. ?? ?????? ???????
????? ?????????? ???????. ???, ?????? ?????? ???
?"? ???????? (???? ????? ?"? ????) ???? ?"? ?????
??????????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????
??????.
32
ENERGY CONSERVATION-1

• First ideas Gravitational Energy
• ?Energy liberated by meteoroids hitting the sun
• Julius Robert Mayer (1814-1878)
• John James Waterston (1811-1883)
• William Thomson (Lord Kelvin
  1824-1907)
• Contraction of the sun
• Waterston-1845 (paper rejected) 9000 years ?
  1853 a talk
• heard by Herman von Helmholtz (1821-1894) 22
  million year.
• This is known now as Kelvin-Helmholtz time.
  
  
• (Kelvin same energy source to heat Earth)

33
ENERGY CONSERVATION-2

• Kelvin-Helmholtz time scale of 30 million years
• has problems with geology and Charles Darwin
  (1809-1882)
• more time is required (for monkeys to evolve
  from humans).

1899 A geologist (T. C. Chamberlin) remarked
that energy can come from subatomic
processes.
1903 Radioactive decay 1904 Ernest Rutherford
(1871-1937) gave a talk with Lord Kelvin in
the audience. OK for Earth, but not for the
Sun.
1915 William D. Harkins (1873-1951) hydrogen ?
helium
1919 Jean Perrin (1870-1942) . .light atoms
such as hydrogen, nebulium, or helium. . .
formation of heavy atoms
1920 Arthur S. Eddington (1882-1944) 4-H atoms
? He (but how ???) We can get rid of the
obsession that there is no other conceivable
supply besides contraction . .
34
ENERGY CONSERVATION-3
1936 Robert d. Atkinson (1898-1982)

• 1938 Charles L. Critchfield (1910-1994) the
  proton-proton chain that forms helium.

1938 Critchfield and Hans Albrecht Bethe
(1906-2005) using nuclear rates calculated by
Gamow and Teller, show that the energy production
rate in stars works.
1938 Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker (1912- )
35
ENERGY CONSERVATION-4
1951 Ernst Julius Opik (1893-1985) and 1952
Edwin Ernest Salpeter (1924-) triple-alpha

• Other reactions followed
• Fred Hoyle (1915-2001) Iron peak
• Alastair Cameron (1925-) William Fowler
  (1911-1995) Geoffrey Burbidge (1925-) Margaret
  Burbidge (1919-)
• Jesse Greenstein (1909-2002)
• I end in 1957, with the classic paper by
  Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, Hoyle

36
V838 Mon (V ????? ????? Variable, ?-Mon ?????
????? ??????? Monocerotis ( ???? ???????? ????
??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????
2002. ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??. ?? ????
???? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??
??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? 8 ?- 0.3 ????
??? ??????. ????? ???? ?"? Romek Tylenda ?????
????. ??????? ??? (????? ?"? ?????? ????) ????
??? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ??-???. ????? ???
???? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ???.
37
V838 Mon (V ????? ????? Variable, ?-Mon ?????
????? ??????? Monocerotis (
October 2004 November
2005 September 2006