Traditional educational models in Europe Diversities of educational systems

1
Traditional educational models in
EuropeDiversities of educational systems

• Workshop Boosting quality International
  Credential Evaluation and Higher Education
  Quality Assessment in SSH (PHOENIX)
• Bishkek, 13-14 April 2006
• Gunnar Vaht
• Estonian ENIC/NARIC

2
Traditional general models of education

• German model (Humboldt)
• Anglo-Saxon model(Anglo-American)
• French model (Napoleonic)

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German traditional model

• Higher education system is binary - universities
  and professional higher education institutions
• one long-cycle study (master-level)
• research activities during initial studies
• diversified secondary education

4
Anglo-American traditional model

• Academic and professional instruction is combined
  in the same programme (unitary higher education)
• two-cycle education (undergraduate-graduate
  structure)
• broad, general education on a high level
• specialisation and research at second cycle
• no diversified secondary general education

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French traditional model

• Three-cycles or more in higher edcuation
• Broad orientation in first cycle (2 first years)
  - DEUG
• high selection criteria of students to the next
  cycle
• high level central state regulations
• Grandes écoles

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Differences in secondary education systems

• Differences
• types of institutions and programmes (general
  secondary, vocational, combined)
• curricula (state curricula, school programmes,
  student choices)
• subjects, content and amount
• length of studies (10 11 12 13 or 14 years)
• central level examinations
• marking system (pass grade)
• FAIR RECOGNITION - based on the function of the
  qualification (access to higher education)

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Differences in higher education systems

• Differences
• access requirements
• general secondary education vocational
  qualifications, preparatory year state
  examinations Bachelor Doctor
• degree structures
• one-tier two-tier multi-tier structures
• type of institutions
• university-type non-university type combined
  binary
• nominal duration
• credit systems/marking systems
• names of degrees and other qualifications
• same or similar name of degree may have different
  content and outcome
• graduation requirements
• FAIR ASSESSMENT AND RECOGNITION - based on
  assessment of learning outcomes

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Diversity of names of qualifications

• Baccalaureat, Bachiller, Bakalaureus, Bachelor,
  Bacharel
• Master, Maisteri, Maestro, Meester, Magister,
  Maitrise, Magistere, Mestre, Magisterexamen
• Licencie, Licenciado, Licence, Lizentiat,
  Lisensiaatti
• Kandidaat, Kandidaatti, Candidatus, Candidat,
  Kandidat nauk
• Diplomado, Diplomirani, Diplom, Diploma di
  Specialista, Diploma Universitarion, Diploma de
• Laurea, Ptychio, Egyetemi oklevel, Gradue,
  Akademski, Doctorandus

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Terminology

• academic (degree, education)
• degree
• university-type, non-university type
• qualification
• undergraduate-graduate-postgraduate
• professional degree, professional doctorate
• college, institute

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Recognition problems

• Domination of assessment and recognition
  practices based on the name of degree
• Bachelor, Baccalaureat, Bachiller etc are not
  corresponding degrees
• Master, Maisteri, Maitrise, Magister are not
  equivalent qualifications
• Misunderstanding or incorrect interpretation of
  levels
• Bachelor-Master indicates the levels and does not
  mean the named degrees
• undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate may have
  different meanings and vary in the systems