WASAMED

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• WASAMED
• 5th Workshop
• Harmonization and Integration of Water
• Saving Options. Convention and Promotion
• of Water Saving Policies and Guidelines
• Malta, 3-7 May 2006
• Goals and indicators deliberated by WASAMED
  workshops and working groups
• C. Bogliotti, A. Scardigno
• CIHEAM-IAMB

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WASAMED INDICATORS

• A debate started in the Workshop of Sanliurfa in
  December 2003 and continued in the years 2004
  2005 with the objective of linking water saving
  specific options (WUE, WP, ISP, UWU.) with the
  more general strategic frame for sustainability
• Several items have been agreed and deliberated
  during the Working Group, starting from problem
  and background
• Items deliberated by taking into account
  different concerns (social, economic,
  environmental, institutional / management,
  policy, technical, technological, scientific)
• Further organisation beyond the working groups

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Problems encountered Indicators are often given
without a clear link with an objective or
specific target Certain items are given more in
the form of a goal or target, without a clear
link to performance / measurement perspectives
GO Indicators are often complex, too technical
and difficult to be understood by experts of
other sectors or disciplines or stakeholders
GO Missing the meaning of the WS indicator in
term of real contribution to sustainable
development or explicit link to sustainability
criteria
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Increasing funds at government and user
associations level
Improving transfer of irrigation management and
local empowerment to end users
Improving capacity of system to respond quickly
to changes (physical and non physical)
Increasing quality of extension service
Innovation in water saving
Back
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Problems encountered Indicators are often given
without link with an objective or specific
target Certain items are given more in the form
of a goal or target, without a clear link to
performance / measurement perspectives
GO Indicators are often complex, too technical
and difficult to be understood by experts of
other sectors or disciplines or stakeholders
GO Missing the meaning of the WS indicator in
term of real contribution to sustainable
development or explicit link to sustainability
criteria
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Posing the question on the role and features of
indicators for sustainable water saving

• Need to establish the general quality frame
  performance or strategy/policy monitoring ?
  Possibly both of them !!
• As a measure of distance (performance) to
  target indicator must be relevant and complete
  (cover all relevant trends)
• As tool for policy / strategy monitoring
  indicator should not only be associated with
  politically defined targets but be linked also
  with technically oriented notions

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Integration of different concepts and features

• Concepts
• Making explicit the dimension of sustainability
  and criteria, goals and targets to which the
  indicator contributes (Go)
• Be supported by technically defined mean of
  measurement (biological, hydraulic, hydrological,
  engineering, economic ..etc.)
• Having an explicit form
• -- Performance form explicit link to
  quantitative target, measure the distance toward
  target
• -- Ordinal form hierarcy of qualitative
  states i.e. quality of participatory
  participation, based on value judgement and
  difficult political agreement
• -- Nominal form given by only two values,
  a certain characteristic is either given or not
• Clear scale (in function of driving forces acting
  at specific scale) (Go)
• Dynamics considering time horizon of performance
  (Go)
• Threshold
• The combination gives a degree of complexity
  (high, medium, low)
• Main features
• General not depedent on a specific situation,
  society, culture
• Indicative truly representative of the
  phenomenon
• Sensitive react early and sensibly to changes

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ECONOMIC DIMENSION
Main criteria
Competitiveness
Improve long term economic stability of farmer
Goal
Target
Increasing trend of redditivity
GDP / capite (farmer) / n. of years
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ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION
Main criteria
Ecosystem protection
Reducing pressure on water bodies through water
saving
Goal
Sector target
Water withdrawal from water bodies
Annual rainfall / GW water table / water
extracted from GW
N. of pilots in saline water
Back
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Modified after Batchelor, 1999
Annual rainfall Mean annual temperature Seasonalit
y Landform Crop potential Global change
Commodity price Infrastructure development Migrati
on Trade regionalisation Global market
National / regional
Sub-national
Microclimate, variability Season Soil erosion,
land instability Local morphology and
geophysics Drainage pattern Soil type Vegetation
distribution Water points
Familiy structure Division of labour Water
pricing Wage rate Employment Community
organisation Property Technology
Catchment / community
Farm
Potential biophysical driving forces
Potential socio-economic driving forces
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Sensitive
Dimension of sustainability Economic Dimension of sustainability Economic Dimension of sustainability Economic Dimension of sustainability Economic
Criteria competitiveness Criteria competitiveness Criteria competitiveness Criteria competitiveness
Goal Target Scale Indicator
Improve system competitiveness Efficient inter-sectoral allocation Catchment to subnational Value of productivity / m3 of water applied (in different uses)
Improve long term economic stability of farmer Increasing trend of redditivity Farmer GDP / capite (farmer) / n. of years
Back
Low sensitive, long-term dynamics
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Integration of different concepts and features

• Features
• general not depedent on a specific situation,
  society, culture
• Indicative truly representative of the
  phenomenon
• Sensitive react early and sensibly to changes
• Robust directionally safe with no significant
  changes in case of minor changes in the
  methodology or improvement in data base

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DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENT DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENT DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENT DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENT DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENT DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENT DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENT
MAIN CRITERIA ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION (LIMIT TROUGHOUT) MAIN CRITERIA ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION (LIMIT TROUGHOUT) MAIN CRITERIA ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION (LIMIT TROUGHOUT) MAIN CRITERIA ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION (LIMIT TROUGHOUT) MAIN CRITERIA ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION (LIMIT TROUGHOUT) MAIN CRITERIA ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION (LIMIT TROUGHOUT) MAIN CRITERIA ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION (LIMIT TROUGHOUT)
Goal n. 1 Target Relevant scale Relevant scale Indicator Complexity Threshold
Goal n. 2 Target Relevant scale Relevant scale Indicator Complexity Threshold

DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTIONAL AND SYSTEM GOVERNANCE/MANAGEMENT DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTIONAL AND SYSTEM GOVERNANCE/MANAGEMENT DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTIONAL AND SYSTEM GOVERNANCE/MANAGEMENT DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTIONAL AND SYSTEM GOVERNANCE/MANAGEMENT DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTIONAL AND SYSTEM GOVERNANCE/MANAGEMENT DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTIONAL AND SYSTEM GOVERNANCE/MANAGEMENT DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTIONAL AND SYSTEM GOVERNANCE/MANAGEMENT
MAIN CRITERIA STREGHTENING PARTICIPATION AND CAPACITY MAIN CRITERIA STREGHTENING PARTICIPATION AND CAPACITY MAIN CRITERIA STREGHTENING PARTICIPATION AND CAPACITY MAIN CRITERIA STREGHTENING PARTICIPATION AND CAPACITY MAIN CRITERIA STREGHTENING PARTICIPATION AND CAPACITY MAIN CRITERIA STREGHTENING PARTICIPATION AND CAPACITY MAIN CRITERIA STREGHTENING PARTICIPATION AND CAPACITY
Goal n. 1 Target Relevant scale Indicator Indicator Complexity Threshold
Goal n. 2 Target Relevant scale Indicator Indicator Complexity

Threshold
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DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY SOCIAL DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY SOCIAL DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY SOCIAL DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY SOCIAL DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY SOCIAL DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY SOCIAL
MAIN CRITERIA COHESION MAIN CRITERIA COHESION MAIN CRITERIA COHESION MAIN CRITERIA COHESION MAIN CRITERIA COHESION MAIN CRITERIA COHESION
Goal n. 1 Target Relevant scale Indicator Complexity Threshold
Goal n. 2 Target Relevant scale Indicator Complexity Threshold
Goal n. 3 Target Relevant scale Indicator Complexity Threshold
DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABILITY ECONOMIC
MAIN CRITERIA COMPETITIVENESS MAIN CRITERIA COMPETITIVENESS MAIN CRITERIA COMPETITIVENESS MAIN CRITERIA COMPETITIVENESS MAIN CRITERIA COMPETITIVENESS MAIN CRITERIA COMPETITIVENESS
Goal n. 1 Target Relevant scale Indicator Complexity Threshold
Goal n. 2 Target Relevant scale Indicator Complexity Threshold
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social-economic burden sharing
social-institutional strengthening co-decision
process institutional-environmental care (of
common resources) institutional-economic equity
social-environmental improve access (to
resources)
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Outputs
Totals
28
54
52
Institutional / system management Environmental Economic Social
Goal 10 8 3 7
Target 22 19 4 9
Indicator 20 21 4 7
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Institutional dimension goals

• Improving transfer of irrigation management and
  local empowerment to end users
• Understanding of benefits due to participatory
  irrigation by the Government
• Improving laws regulating the constitution of
  water user association (WUA)
• Improve capacity of government or WUA for system
  OM
• Improving laws systematically enhancing water
  saving (WS)
• Improve warning in irrigation
• Improve role of WUAs
• Improve role of users in WUAs
• Improve integration with other uses
• Improve farmers involvement in water pricing

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Institutional dimension targets and indicators

• TARGETS
• Attitude of central government to transfer
• Political willingness
• Successful transfer
• Suitability and capability to transfer
• Water right transfer
• Awareness of users to associate
• Availability of funds
• Suitable resource allocation
• Quality of diagnostic
• Suitable technology
• Modernisation
• Performance
• Impact of policy on water saving
• Adaptation of policy to water saving
• Integration of WS in environmental policy
• Capacity of system to respond quickly to changes
• Representativeness of WUAs

• INDICATORS
• N. of water rights
• Frequency of OM service
• N. of OM staff / km of conveyance
• N. of devices
• Money spent
• M3 of substorage / M3 of water delivered
• Km extension of drip irrigation
• M2 irrigated by modern system / M2 traditional
• N. of water delivery devices / system length
• Km pressurised pipe / km open canal
• N. of farmers accessing funds for WS / total
  farmers / ha
• total expenditure for WS subsidised
• N. of policies integrating WS in drought planning
• M3 saved water allocated for forestation or
  aquifer recharge
• Availability of models and plans
• N. of farmers in WUA / total N. of farmers / ha
• N. of women managing WUAs

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Environmental dimension goals

• Reducing pressure on water bodies through WS
• Increase knowledge on quantification of saved
  water volumes at different scales (farm to
  catchment)
• Improve on-farm irrigation system aiming at WS
• Improve management of deficit irrigation
• Improving impact on environmental quality
• Increasing ecological efficiency (improve
  resource productivity)
• Strengthening access to resources
• Improve environmental care

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Environmental dimension targets and indicators

• TARGETS
• Water withdrawal from water bodies
• Conjunctive use of saline GW and SW
• Water tariff
• Crop management
• Use of saline water in irrigation
• Information
• Training of farmers and dealers
• Incentives for WS
• Quality of system design
• Controlled deficit irrigation
• Imposed deficit irrigation
• Integration of surface runoff and WUE-WP
• Use of fertilisers
• Degree of eco-efficiency through WS
• Access to WS technology
• Innovation in WS
• Joint irrigation system and natural water
  monitoring

• INDICATORS
• Annual rainfall / Annual water stored in dams
• WS volume / water extracted from GW ƒ Annual
  rainfall / GW table
• WUE-WP indicators
• N. of pilot demonstration for saline GW and SW
• increase of / M3 of water delivered
• N. of new adapted crops
• N. of pilots in saline waters
• N. of control devices across farm-catchment
  boundary
• N. of training courses
• Money spent in training
• Money spent for knowledge on stress on crops
• M3 of water used during low water period (deficit
  irrigation)
• Quantity of fertilizers / ha
• Total Material Flow / volume saved water
• Total environmental cost breakdown / WS
  investment
• Re-usable / non re-usable fraction
• N. of plot demonstrations at farmers
• N. of patents

22
ECONOMIC DIMENSION Goals

• Improve system competitiveness through WS
  practices
• Secure long term economic stability of farmer
• Improve financial impact of WS on system

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ECONOMIC DIMENSION Targets and Indicators

• TARGETS
• Efficient intersectoral water allocation
• Trend of redditivity at farm
• Use of financial capital (system level)
• Farmer income

• INDICATORS
• Value of productivity M3 of SW water applied /
  Total cost of WS
• GDP / per capite (farmer)
• Rate of reduction of money invested in water
  infrastructures
• water charge on WS / total cost

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SOCIAL DIMENSION Goals

• Mitigation of water conflicts
• Improve access to resources
• Improve balance in share water burdens
• Acceptance of water saving
• Improve perception of safe use on unconventional
  waters
• Improve equity in water saving
• Improve collective knowledge and bridging
  different positions

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SOCIAL DIMENSION Targets and Indicators

• INDICATORS
• N. of public communication events
• N. of accesses to WS technology (i.e. N. of
  pilots)
• Total water supplied upstream / total water
  supplied to farmers
• Rate of employment
• N. of farmers using unconventional waters / total
  N. of farmers / ha
• M3 recycled water delivered / M3 total water
  delivered / ha
• N. of farmers using at least one type of WS
  practice / total number of farmers / ha

• TARGETS
• Equity in allocation of saved water
• Equity in access to WS technology
• Minimum water storage at farmer
• Mutual trust / transparency between farmers and
  institutions
• Equity in allocation of WS benefits
• Society involved in WS investment costs,
  financial constraints and benefit
• Awareness of farmers to WS
• Resistance of farmers to alternative WS options
  (marginal waters)
• Communication among farmers/WUAs/institutions

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Environmental and interlinks with social, economic, institutional Environmental and interlinks with social, economic, institutional Environmental and interlinks with social, economic, institutional Environmental and interlinks with social, economic, institutional Environmental and interlinks with social, economic, institutional Environmental and interlinks with social, economic, institutional
Main criteria ecosystem protection, care, equity in access, eco-efficiency (resource productivity) Main criteria ecosystem protection, care, equity in access, eco-efficiency (resource productivity) Main criteria ecosystem protection, care, equity in access, eco-efficiency (resource productivity) Main criteria ecosystem protection, care, equity in access, eco-efficiency (resource productivity) Main criteria ecosystem protection, care, equity in access, eco-efficiency (resource productivity) Main criteria ecosystem protection, care, equity in access, eco-efficiency (resource productivity)
Goal Target Relevant scale Indicator Complexity Threshold
Reducing pressure on water bodies through water saving Water withdrawal from water bodies Water tariff Crop management Promoting conjunctive use of saline groundwater and surface water Use of saline waters in irrigation Catchment Catchment Farmer to Catchment Farmer to catchment Farmer Farmer to Catchment Farmer to Catchment Annual rainfall / Annual water stored in dams WS volume / water extracted from GW ƒ Annual rainfall / GW table increase of / M3 water delivered N. of new adapted crops N. of pilots N. of pilots in saline water High High Medium Medium High Medium Low Low