Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth

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Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth
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Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
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Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth 1) Mechanisms of
Heredity 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 pairs of
autosomes 1 pair of sex chromosomes
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Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth 1) Mechanisms of
Heredity 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 pairs of
autosomes 1 pair of sex chromosomes XX
female XY male
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Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth 1) Mechanisms of
Heredity 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 pairs of sex
chromosomes Genes--located on the
chromosomes--biochemical instructions
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Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth 1) Mechanisms of
Heredity 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 pairs of sex
chromosomes Genes genotype vs phenotype
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Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth 1) Mechanisms of
Heredity 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 pairs of sex
chromosomes genes Alleles different forms of
the same gene
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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 23 pairs of chromosomes
• 22 pairs of sex chromosomes
• genes
• Alleles

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 23 pairs of chromosomes
• 22 pairs of sex chromosomes
• genes
• Alleles
• Two alleles on chromosome pairs are the same
  Homozygous

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 23 pairs of chromosomes
• 22 pairs of sex chromosomes
• genes
• Alleles
• Two alleles on chromosome pairs are the same
  Homozygous
• Two alleles on chromosome pairs are
  differentHeterozygous

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 23 pairs of chromosomes
• 22 pairs of sex chromosomes
• genes
• Alleles
• Two alleles on chromosome pairs are the same
  Homozygous
• Two alleles on chromosome pairs are
  differentHeterozygous
• dominant vs recessive alleles

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders mutation in gene

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• Examples
• Phenylketonuria
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Sickle Cell anemia
• Tay Sachs

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• Disorders of the autosomes (e.g., Trisomy 21)

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• Disorders of the autosomes (e.g., Trisomy 21)
• Disorders of the sex chromosomes
• XO Turner syndrome
• XXY Klinefelters syndrome
• XXX Poly- X syndrome
• XYY Poly-Y syndrome

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• a. Methods

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• a. Methods
• (1) Adoption studies

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• a. Methods
• (1) Adoption studies

Biological Parent
Adoptive Parent
Child
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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• a. Methods
• (1) Adoption studies

Biological Parent
Adoptive Parent
How Similar?
Child
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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• a. Methods
• (1) Adoption studies

Biological Parent
Adoptive Parent
How Similar?
How Similar?
Child
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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• a. Methods
• (1) Adoption studies
• Twin Studies

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• a. Methods
• (1) Adoption studies
• Twin Studies
• Monozygotic identical 100 of genes

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• a. Methods
• (1) Adoption studies
• Twin Studies
• Monozygotic identical 100 of genes
• Dizygotic fraternal 50 of genes

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• a. Methods
• (1) Adoption studies
• Twin Studies

Monozygotic Twins
Dizygotic Twins
Twin 1
Twin 2
How similar?
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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• a. Methods
• (1) Adoption studies
• Twin Studies

Dizygotic Twins
Monozygotic Twins
Twin 2
Twin 1
Twin 2
Twin 1
How similar?
How similar?
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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• a. Methods
• (1) Adoption studies
• Twin Studies
• Selective Breeding

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• Methods
• Genes and Behavior

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• Methods
• Genes and Behavior
• Genes do not cause behavior, they make behavior
  more or less likely

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• Methods
• Genes and Behavior
• Genes do not cause behavior, they make behavior
  more or less likely
• the outcome of heredity depends upon the
  environment in which development occurs

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• Methods
• Genes and Behavior
• Genes do not cause behavior, they make behavior
  more or less likely
• the outcome of heredity depends upon the
  environment in which development occurs
• Reaction rangea single genotype can lead to a
  range of phenotypes

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• Methods
• Genes and Behavior
• Genes do not cause behavior, they make behavior
  more or less likely
• the outcome of heredity depends upon the
  environment in which development occurs
• Heredity can influence the types of experiences
  people have. How?

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• Biological Foundations Heredity, Prenatal
  Development, and Birth
• 1) Mechanisms of Heredity
• 2) Genetic Disorders
• 3) Chromosomal Disorders
• 4) Behavioral genetics
• Methods
• Genes and Behavior
• Genes do not cause behavior, they make behavior
  more or less likely
• the outcome of heredity depends upon the
  environment in which development occurs
• Heredity can influence the types of experiences
  people have. How?
• (1) Passive relationship
• (2) Evocative relationship
• Active relationship

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Passive Gene-Environment interaction
Childs genes
Parents genes
Childs phenotype
Childs experiences
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Evocative Gene-Environment interaction
Childs genes
Parents genes
Childs phenotype
Peoples reactions to child
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Active Gene-Environment interaction
Childs genes
Parents genes
Childs phenotype
Aspects of environment child selects