The Role of Academia in Securing the Homeland

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The Role of Academia in Securing the Homeland

• Ruth A. David
• 15 March 2003

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Major Topics

• Caveats
• Prelude to 9/11
• National Strategy for Homeland Security
• NRC Report Making the Nation Safer
• Department of Homeland Security
• FY04 Budget Trends
• Strategic Issues

Goal MUTUAL Learning
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Caveats . . .

• Not a member of academe!
• Personal interpretation and opinions
• Biased by 27 years in National Security
  community
• Mixed with facts
• Do not attribute remarks to . . .
• Presidents Homeland Security Advisory Council
• Or any other advisory board, agency, or
  organizational affiliation

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Prelude to 9/11 . . . Significant trends

• Globalization of science and technology
• Global village
• Emergence of asymmetric/unconventional threats
• Catastrophic Terrorism
• Shortage of scientists and engineers in workforce
• Inadequate preparation in K-12 math/science

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New World Coming American Security in the 21st
Century

• America will become increasingly vulnerable to
  hostile attack on our homeland and our military
  superiority will not entirely protect us.
• Rapid advances in information and biotechnologies
  will create new vulnerabilities for U.S.
  security.
• New technologies will divide the world as well as
  draw it together.
• The national security of all advanced states will
  be increasingly affected by the vulnerabilities
  of the evolving global economic infrastructure.

U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century
September 1999
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New World Coming continued. . . . .

• Energy will continue to have major strategic
  significance.
• All borders will be more porous some will bend
  and some will break.
• The sovereignty of states will come under
  pressure, but will endure.
• Fragmentation or failure of states will occur,
  with destabilizing effects on neighboring states.
• Foreign crises will be replete with atrocities
  and the deliberate terrorizing of civilian
  populations.
• Space will become a critical and competitive
  military environment.

U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century
September 1999
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New World Coming continued. . . . .

• The essence of war will not change.
• U.S. intelligence will face more challenging
  adversaries, and even excellent intelligence will
  not prevent all surprises.
• The United States will be called upon frequently
  to intervene militarily in a time of uncertain
  alliances and with the prospect of fewer
  forward-deployed forces.
• The emerging security environment in the next
  quarter century will require different military
  and other national capabilities.

U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century
September 1999
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Road Map for National SecurityImperative for
Change
Recommendations in 5 key areas

• Ensure the security of the American homeland
• Recapitalize Americas strengths in science
  education
• Rebuild strengths in generation and management of
  science and technology and in education
• Redesign key institutions of the Executive Branch
• Overhaul the U.S. government personnel system
• Reorganize Congresss role in national security
  affairs

U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century
January 2001
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And then there was 9/11 . . .

• Executive Order created the Office of Homeland
  Security (October 2001)
• Mission  The mission of the Office shall be to
  develop and coordinate the implementation of a
  comprehensive national strategy to secure the
  United States from terrorist threats or attacks.
   
• Early focus was tactical
• Global war on terrorism
• Anthrax letters
• Reorganizing the government

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OHS Strategic Objectives . . .

• Prevent terrorist attacks within the United
  States
• Reduce Americas vulnerability to terrorism and
• Minimize the damage and recover from attacks that
  do occur.

National Strategy for Homeland Security July
2002
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OHS National Framework

• Mission Areas
• Intelligence and Warning
• Border and Transportation Security
• Domestic Counterterrorism
• Protecting Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets
• Defending Against Catastrophic Threats
• Emergency Preparedness and Response
• Cross-cutting Foundation Elements
• Law
• Science and Technology
• Information Sharing and Systems
• International Cooperation

National Strategy for Homeland Security July
2002
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OHS ST Initiatives

• Develop chemical, biological, radiological and
  nuclear countermeasures.
• Develop systems for detecting hostile intent.
• Apply biometric technology to identification
  devices.
• Improve the technical capabilities of first
  responders.

National Strategy for Homeland Security July
2002
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OHS ST Organizational Initiatives

• Coordinate research and development of the
  homeland security apparatus
• Establish a national laboratory for homeland
  security
• Solicit independent and private analysis for
  science and technology research
• Establish a mechanism for rapidly producing
  prototypes
• Conduct demonstrations and pilot deployments
• Set standards for homeland security technology
• Establish a system for high-risk, high-payoff
  homeland security research

National Strategy for Homeland Security July
2002
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NRC Long-Term Research Needs

• Understanding the mechanisms of human
  pathogenesis, response, and healing
• Sensors networks
• Extraction of understanding from large quantities
  of data
• Human behavior and system design
• Understanding complex, adaptive systems
• Intelligent, adaptive power grid
• Replacing humans in hazardous situations
• Reliable computer code and secure computer systems

Making the Nation Safer The Role of ST in
Countering Terrorism (NAS 2002)
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NRC Need to Sustain the Nations Scientific and
Engineering Talent Base

• Science and Engineering Indicators 2002
• US ranks 14th in number of bachelors degrees
  awarded in natural sciences engineering
• In 1975, US was in top 3
• Recommendation A human resource development
  program aimed at producing a sustained increase
  in baccalaureate and doctoral degrees granted in
  fields consistent with the governments long-term
  priorities for homeland security research is
  needed.

Making the Nation Safer The Role of ST in
Countering Terrorism (NAS 2002)
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NRC Balancing the Needs of National Security
Effective Research

• Expanded concept of National Security
• National vs. federal engagement
• Countering terrorism vs. traditional military
  action
• Recommendation . . . Should initiate
  immediately a dialogue between federal and state
  government and the research universities on the
  balance between protecting information vital to
  national security and the free and open way in
  which research is most efficiently and creatively
  accomplished. Dialog BEFORE enactment of major
  policy changes . . .

Making the Nation Safer The Role of ST in
Countering Terrorism (NAS 2002)
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Department of Homeland SecurityOrganizational
Structure

• Border Transportation Security
• Under Secretary Asa Hutchinson
• Emergency Preparedness Response
• Under Secretary Mike Brown
• Science and Technology
• Under Secretary (Nom.) Dr. Charles McQueary
• Information Analysis and Infrastructure
  Protection
• Under Secretary Not yet nominated
• Management
• Under Secretary (Nom.) Janet Hale

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DHS Science and Technology

• Weapons of Mass Destruction
• Prevent chemical and biological attacks
• Sensors systems to detect nuclear
  radiological weapons
• Information on dirty bombs and other terrorist
  threats
• Information and Infrastructure
• Detect and deter attacks on information systems
• Protect communications systems
• Review assess security systems evaluate
  threats
• Maritime
• Tools technology to protect waterways and
  oceans
• Laboratories and Research Facilities
• Harness capabilities of universities, private
  sector labs
• Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects
  Agency

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FY04 Combating Terrorism

• Americas homeland security RD budget is the
  foundation for tools needed to fulfill two of our
  nations highest priorities (1) winning the war
  on terrorism and (2) protecting the homeland.
• RD funding for homeland security and combating
  terrorism continues to be a priority with an
  estimated 3.2B in 2004.

OSTP Release 31 January 2003
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FY04 ST Budget Trends (Proposed)

• National Science Foundation
• 9 increase relative to FY03 Presidential request
• Physical sciences increase by 13
• Improve attraction retention of U.S. students
• Major Research Equipment and Facility
  Construction increase by 60
• Department of Energy
• 3 increase relative to FY03 Presidential request
• Hydrogen Fuel Initiative
• Nanoscale science

OSTP Statement to House Committee on Science 13
February 2003
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FY04 ST Budget Trends (Proposed)

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• 9 increase in RD
• Increase scientific and educational outcomes of
  future planetary missions
• Department of Commerce
• 1 increase in ST programs
• Homeland Security standards
• Biometric ID, threat detection, high-rise safety

OSTP Statement to House Committee on Science 13
February 2003
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FY04 ST Budget Trends (Proposed)

• Department of Transportation
• 11 increase
• Reduce highway fatalities and injuries
• FAA focus on safety and environmental research
• Department of Homeland Security
• 803M budget for ST Directorate
• Countermeasures for chemical, biological, and
  radiological and nuclear weapons and other
  terrorist threats

OSTP Statement to House Committee on Science 13
February 2003
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FY04 ST Budget Initiatives

• Interagency Initiatives
• Combating Terrorism
• Networking and Information Technology
• National Nanotechnology Initiative
• Climate Change
• Math and Science EducationNo Child Left Behind

OSTP Statement to House Committee on Science 13
February 2003
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FY04 Budget Climate

• House budget chair calls for deep cuts in
  non-defense spending
• GovExec Daily Briefing 12 March 2003
• I dont like deficits. I dont want deficits,
  and I wont pretend that deficits dont matter.
  We cant get back on track without tough
  choices.
• House Budget Committee Chairman Jim Nussle

Battle lines are being drawn . . .
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A few strategic issues . . .

• Homeland Security Research Agenda
• Protection/Classification of Research
• Foreign Student Visas
• Rebuilding US ST talent base

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Personal observations . . .

• XXX Security Communities need greater expertise
  in . . .
• Risk management
• Threat (insider or external natural or man-made)
• Vulnerabilities
• Consequences (including economic psychological)
• Systems thinking
• Complex/adaptive
• System-of-systems
• Interdependencies
• Rapid/ongoing technology insertion
• Spiral development
• Program management
• Cost/performance/schedule constraints
• Trade-off analysis