Organic Dairy Farming: Veterinary Challenges and Opportunites

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Organic Dairy FarmingVeterinary Challenges and
Opportunites

• Hubert J. Karreman, VMD
• Affiliate Assistant Professor
• University of New Hampshire
• Large Animal Medicine
• New Bolton Center
• University of Pennsylvania
• Jan. 23, 2008

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IDEALLY

• A farm is self-sufficient using composts,
• There is little to no pollution leaving farm,
• Soils, crops and animals are healthy,
• The farmer is spiritually awake,
• The food is energetic with vitality
• The farm interacts with the local community

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A balance must be struck between consumers
notions of bucolic pastoral scenes
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and real life emergencies
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With organic systems

• 1Try to mimic mother nature as much as possible
  
• there will be dramatically fewer problems
• 2 Accept that absolute CONTROL over the farm is
  not necessary
• 3 Maximizing production can be antithetical to
  organics (see 1 above)
• 4 Prevention is especially critical

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• FORMULA for healthy organic livestock
• Dry bedding
• fresh air
• sunshine
• well managed pastures
• high forage rations
• Healthy Animals
• Karremans refinement on healthy soils healthy
  crops healthy animals

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205.239(a)(2)....... Access to pasture for
ruminants
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Prevent lameness in grazing cows!
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Black colored hoofs?
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Lameness Treatments

• - Prevention Use hydrated lime deep in a box as
  an antiseptic (way too much use of copper
  sulphate for environment)
• - Cleanse Hydrogen peroxide, then iodine
  tincture
• Treatment Sugar with Betadine (surgical iodine
  scrub) to make a thick paste cheap and
  effective.
• - In rare cases with infected, swollen leg use a
  hydrogen peroxide flush followed with a plasma
  flush
• Colloidal silver (??)

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205.238 Livestock health care practice standard.

• The producer must establish and maintain
  preventive livestock health care practices,
  including
• (2) Provision of a feed ration sufficient to meet
  nutritional requirements, including vitamins,
  minerals, protein and/or amino acids, fatty
  acids, energy sources, and fiber (ruminants)

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Typical ration for organic Holsteins to make 60
lbs milk /-

• Graze well managed pastures as much as possible
  (protein forage)
• Feed as much grassy-mixed legume hay (clover) as
  possible, with high RFV
• Grains, mixed, average of 12 lbs per day, divided
  by 3 feedings (energy) dont slug feed
  (conventional wisdom)
• Corn silage, no more than 20-25 lbs per day
  (energy)
• OR ensiled BMR sorghum-sudan
• Free choice minerals, including kelp

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Body Condition

• Grazing cattle tend to be sleek athletes they
  should have
• glossy coats
• good definition of muscles
• be bright and alert
• All animals should have good rumen fill

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INFORMAL SURVEY OF DAIRY PRACTITIONERS WITHIN AABP

• Approximately 750 were mailed out on Dec. 14,
  2005
• 180 replies were received as of March 2006 (
  24 return )
• 1) Would you or your clients be interested in the
  use of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary
  Medicine (CAVM) for livestock?
• YES 111 MAYBE 59 NO 6 No response 4
• 2) Would you be interested in CAVM products if
  they are presented from a RATIONAL, PHARMACOLOGIC
  basis?
• YES 142 MAYBE 31 NO 4 No response 3

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INFORMAL SURVEY OF DAIRY PRACTITIONERS WITHIN AABP

• 3) In which diseases would you be most interested
  (circle one or more)
• Mastitis108 Calf scours 67 Metritis
  62 Infertility 50
• Pneumonia 43 Foot rot / Hairy heel 45 ALL
  THE ABOVE 39
• 4) Do you work with and certified organic or
  transitioning-to-organic dairy herds?
• YES 98 No 81 No Response - 1
• If so, how many?
• (1-3 herds) 64 (4-6 herds) 16 (7-10
  herds) 8 (11-20) 6
• How many milking on average in the herds?
• (1-40 cows) 31 (41-100 cows) 42
  (101-300 cows) 16
• (301-500 cows) 1 (gt501 cows) 4

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INFORMAL SURVEY OF DAIRY PRACTITIONERS WITHIN AABP

• 5) Do you feel that any of your conventional
  herds would be interested in CAVM?
• YES 113 MAYBE 30 NO 34
• 6) Would you be interested in receiving
  information for a few specific products?
• YES 170 NO 7 No response 3
• The 180 respondents were self described dairy
  exclusive within the AABP membership directory.
• This survey should be repeated to include mixed
  large animal veterinarians.

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Lancaster DHIA Farm Survey study
2005-2006(follow-up to a small pilot project in
2002)

• Questions
• 1) What are the differences between certified
  organic and conventional herds?
• 2) What organic management practices yield good
  DHIA data?
• Methods - Voluntary and enrolled if using monthly
  Lancaster DHIA
• (1) 6 page survey of farmers on topics such
  as basic farm facts, health, milk quality,
  reproduction, nutrition and youngstock
• (2) directly down load information of DRMS from
  Raleigh to Lancaster Extension office
• (3) use GPS to get matched pairs of conventional
  farm within 1 mile of certified organic farm
  (conventional farm acts as control)

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DHIA SARE Study 2006 34 matched pairs of farms
- Production
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DHIA SARE Study 200634 matched pairs of farms -
Reproduction
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7CFR 205.238(c)(7) The producer of an
organic livestock operation must not withhold
medical treatment from a sick animal in an effort
to preserve its organic status. All appropriate
medications must be used to restore an animal to
health when methods acceptable to organic
production fail. Livestock treated with a
prohibited substance must be clearly identified
and shall not be sold, labeled, or represented as
organically produced.
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All synthetics are prohibited (unless
petitioned to NOSB and subsequently allowed by
the Secretary)

• IN GENERAL
• All natural materials are allowed

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SYNTHETIC SUBSTANCES ALLOWED FOR USE IN ORGANIC
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ( 7CFR205.603 )

• Alcohols (ethanol, isopropyl alcohol)
• Aspirin
• Chlorine materials
• Calcium hypochlorite
• Chlorine dioxide
• Sodium hypochlorite
• Chlorhexidine (alt. dip vet. surgical use)
• Electrolytes
• Glucose/ Dextrose
• Glycerin
• Hydrogen peroxide

• Magnesium sulphate
• Oxytocin (only in parturient emergencies)
• Parasiticides (ivermectin only, not routine/only
  emergencies not in slaughter stock)
• Phosphoric acid
• Biologics
• Iodine
• Lidocaine
• Hydrated lime (externally only)
• Mineral oil (topical and as a lubricant not as a
  dust suppressant)
• Copper sulfate
• FDA approved trace minerals

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New Additions to National List !(7 CFR205.603)
as of Dec12, 2007

• NOP approved for organic livestock
• Butorphanol
• Xylazine emergency use only
• Tolazoline emergency use only
• Flunixin as labelled
• Furosemide as labelled
• Magnesium Hydroxide
• Poloxalene for emergency use only
• --------------------------------------------------
  -------------------------
• Epinephrine
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------
• NOP did not approve
• Activated Charcoal natural, only if from plant
  sources
• Bismuth subsalicylate alternative dry grass
  hay
• Kaolin pectin should never have been petitioned
• Propylene glycol alternative glycerin,
  natural if from plant sources and can get it
  kosher
• Calcium borogluconate always call them
  electrolytes

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With prohibitions on antibiotics and hormones in
organic livestock healthcare

• Which materials and modes of treatment do we draw
  from?
• Are there physiologic rational therapies?
• Are there management changes to be made?
• When in the course of disease shall we institute
  antibiotic use?

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There is a STRONG INCENTIVE to integrate
natural treatments

• Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine
  (CAVM)
• Biologics
• Botanicals
• ----------------------------------------------
• Acupuncture
• Homeopathy
• AVMA encourages CAVM modalities to be studied in
  order to demonstrate purported merits

Rational basis in therapeutics
Somewhat accepted
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205.238 Livestock health care practice
standard.(a) The producer must establish and
maintain preventive livestock health care
practices, including

• (6) Administration of vaccines and other
  veterinary biologics.

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BIOLOGICS

• Biologic compounds are those that are derived
  from living organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses,
  and animals) and usually modulate the immune
  system.
• The most widely used are preventive biologics -
  vaccines (to stimulate active immunity).
• Earliest vaccines anthrax, black leg and rabies.
• Therapeutic biologics confer passive immunity
  (hyper-immune serum, antibodies and anti-toxins).
• Serum therapy hemorrhagic septicemia (shipping
  fever), equine influenza, hog cholera, white calf
  scours.
• Biologics are licensed and regulated by USDA
  APHIS CVB.
• They are categorically allowed by the USDA
  National Organic Program.

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BIOLOGIC THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS

• Serum products Bovi-Sera, Bo-Bac 2X, PolySerum
  (conventional veal growers use often use these)
• Plasmaphoresis products Botulism antitoxin,
• Hyper-Immune Plasma
• Colostrum-whey products (ultra-filtered whey)
• Biocel CBT, Impro
• Bacterial cell wall fractionates
• Immunoboost
• ß-glucans
• IgY from eggs
• EPIC Calf Scour Formula

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HYPER-IMMUNE PLASMAsource of specific
antibodies and cytokines for gram(-) pneumonia,
scours and mastitis
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Immunoboost (Bioniche Animal Health) Study at
Vet Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO) in
Saskatoon

• Calves proven immune stimulant
• Give on 1st day of life to stimulate interferon ?
  ß
• Overcomes the natural immune suppression in
  calves at birth
• A single dose significantly ?
• the activated T-calls in the blood of newborn
  calves
• Lasts 10-15 days the usual time for E.coli
  Rota/Corona
• Also ?body weight by 15 within first 30-40 days
  of life

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Enhancement of Neutrophil Function by
Ultra-filtered Bovine Whey (Roth, et. al., J.
Dairy Sci. 84824-829)

• Goal Assess Impro product for influence on
  neutrophils from normal and dexamethasone treated
  cattle
• Calves neutrophils in vitro
• Significantly ? random migration, cytochrome C
  reduction, iodination activity, antibody
  dependent and independent cell-mediated
  cytotoxicity
• Peri-parturient cows in vivo
• Did not alter the total or differential WBC
• But did significantly ? erythrocyte count and
  significantly ?neutrophil iodination activity
  (previously shown to be depressed in
  peri-parturient cows)

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USP NF 2002

• USP Aloe, belladonna, capsicum, colloidal
  oatmeal, elm, eucalyptol, eugenol, ipecac,
  juniper tar, myrrh, opium, paregoric, plantago
  seed, podophyllum, psyllium, pyrethrum, quinine,
  rauwolfia, senna, thymol, tolu balsam, witch
  hazel, yohimbine
• NF Acacia, carnauba wax, chamomile, feverfew,
  garlic, ginger, gingko, ginseng, licorice, milk
  thistle, olive oil, peppermint, rose water, saw
  palmetto, St. Johns wort, tragacanth, valerian,
  white wax, yellow wax, zein

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Effect of SQ Subcutaneous Injection of Ginseng on
cows with subclinical Staph aureus mastitis (Hu,
S., et al. J Vet Med, Series B, Vol 48 Issue 7
p.519, Sept.2001)

• 8mg/kg BW/day x 6 days
• (4 gm/day)
• Neutrophil ? phagocytosis and oxidative burst in
  1 week
• Amount of monocytes were significantly ? post-Tx
  than pre-Tx
• Amount of lymphocytes were significantly ? at 2-3
  weeks post-Tx
• Similar changes were not observed in the saline
  control group
• Number of S. aureus infected quarters and milk
  SCC tended to ? in ginseng Tx cows
• Suggests that ginseng can stimulate the immune
  system of dairy cows.

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Adjuvant effect of ginseng extracts on the immune
responses to immunisation against S. aureus in
dairy cattle (Hu, et. al., Vet. Immunol
Immunop., Vol. 91, Issue 1, 10 Jan 2003, 29-37)

• Crude ginseng extract and purified ginsenoside.
• In response to PWM, ConA and S. aureus antigens
• 4 mg. crude extract gave significantly higher
  lymphocyte proliferation serum antibodies than
  saline controls
• 1mg purified ginsenoside gave significant
  increase in milk lymphocyte proliferation milk
  antibody titers

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Anti-inflammatory effects of intramammary
infusions of glycyrrhizin in lactating cows with
mastitis caused by coagulase-negative
staphylococciKai, et. al. AJVR, Vol.64, No. 10,
Oct. 2003

• With low bacterial counts in milk, glycyrrhizin
  alone resulted in significant improvements in
  swelling, firmness of glands, and number of clots
  in milk, and decreased the SCC
• The markers Lactoferrin decreased and
  a-lactalbumin increased as the gland recovered.
• With recovery, a decrease in concentration of
  histamine was observed in a dose-dependent manner

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POTENTIAL RESIDUES ISSUES WITH BOTANICALS

• 1)Physiologic affects and prior clinical uses
  (old vet text books)
• 2)Pharmacokinetics bioavailability (Bhattaram,
  et.al. 2002)
• -St. Johns wort hypericin T1/2 and mean
  residence times are 9 and 12 hrs. respectively
• -Milk thistle diasteromers of silymarin T1/2
  6hr
• -Peppermint essential oil T1/2 between 3.5-4.4
  hrs
• -Thyme essential oil T1/2 10.2 hrs
• 3) In pig trial feeding thyme, there was no
  thymol detected after 3 days (Hagmuller et.al.,
  2006)
• 4) If compounds are GRAS for direct human
  consumption, logic would have it that they should
  be OK in animals.

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POTENTIAL RESIDUES ISSUES WITH BOTANICALS

• The EMEA is the European Agency for the
  Evaluation of Medicinal Products with a network
  of 3,000 scientists. It is roughly the equivalent
  of the FDA and FARAD together
• The EMEA establishes Maximum Residue Limits
  (MRLs) for food producing animals for all
  compounds evaluated (synthetic or natural).
  Toxicology data is presented in detail.
• www.emea.eu.int/htms/vet/mrls/a-zmrl.htm

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Penn Dutch Cow CareHubert Karreman, VMD1272 Mt.
Pleasant Rd.Quarryville, PA 717-529-0155

• MEDICINE for
• ADMINISTER
• EXPIRES _____
• Estimated __________
  ______________
• Milk withhold_______Hours H.J.Karreman, VMD
  Date
• Meat withhold_______Days
• Not for human consumption Keep out of
  reach of children

 
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Concepts for tackling illness in organic livestock

• Must jump on problems early
• Natural treatments can be labor intensive
• Realize that natural treatments may take longer
  to correct a condition

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A multi-prong approach!

• CAVM doesnt need to be 100 effective.
• A variety of approaches for any problem will give
  a better chance of success
• If one pillar of the multi-prong approach isnt
  working, the other factors are still in place
• Less chance of resistance developing
• because no silver bullet stays effective
  forever

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PARASITES THE MULTI-PRONG APPROACH
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THERAPEUTIC FORAGES (in vivo)

• Birdsfoot trefoil ? FEC and Chicory ? adult worms
  compared to white clover ryegrass
• (Marley, 2003)
• Sulla ? antibody titers and ?adult Ostertagia
  circumscincta compared to alfalfa (Niezen, 2002)
• Sainfoin ? L3 and adult H. contortus, T.
  colubriformis and D. viviparous (Paolini, 2004
  Molan, et. al, 2000)

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PHYTOTHERAPY VS. CHEMOTHERAPY(in vivo)

• Pyrethrum sp. (significant reduction) vs.
  Albendazole (100 reduction) (Mbaria, 1998)
• Tinospora rumphii mebendazole in goats against
  H. contortus (Fernandez, 2004)
• Fumaria parviflora 100 reduction in FEC and
• gt 80 reduction of adult H. contortus and T.
  columbriformis thus equal to pyrantel (Hordegen,
  et. al, 2003)
• An allicin-based product used in Holstein calves
  had no effect of altering duration of crypto
  diarrhea but high doses did delay its onset
  (Olson, 1998)

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Herbal Parasite Formulas

• Clemson study (2004) Group feeding
• Cayenne, Garlic, Diatomaceous earth (111)
  (Fertrell Co.)
• Fed daily to yearling heifers, fecal counts
  checked daily-
• by 6 weeks treated animals had significantly
  less FEC than controls.
• Individual animal treatment Solution of a
  marcasite clay with tannins and minerals,
  glycerin, licorice
• Ferro provides a powerful yet palatable tannin
  astringent with iron and minerals. Fecal egg
  count reduction test Decreased Giardia spp. pre-
  and post- treatment (2 weeks after last dose)
  analysis by vet school lab.
• Give 5cc of 10 CuSo4 just prior to dose to
  cause esophageal groove to close so medicine is
  shunted directly into abomasum

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Flies

• Tunnel ventilation
• Dry manure (lt40 moisture)
• Dry animals limestone powder
• Predator wasps
• Chickens, hogs
• Fly traps
• Sticky tape
• .and then botanical fly sprays

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Fly control needs many approaches
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Low level of parasites good or bad?
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Pinkeye
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Pinkeye Prevention Treatment

• Prevention
• Fly reduction
• Clipped pastures
• Good ventilation
• Treatment
• Not in direct sun
• Eye-patch
• MaxiGard
• Hyper-immune plasma subconjunctival injection
  (seems to work best on young stock)

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The Non-Antibiotic Treatment of Infectious
Disease
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The Non-Antibiotic Treatment for Infectious
DiseasePrinciples

• Stimulate and / or modulate the immune system via
  biologics
• 2) Use strong antibacterial phytotherapy
• Use antioxidants
• 4) Fluid therapy for rehydration critical to
  have proper circulatory function for the above
  therapies to work best
• 5) Use antiseptics for lavage and irrigation

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The Non-Antibiotic Treatment for Infectious
DiseaseProtocol

• Hyper-Immune Plasma if Coliform mastitis or
  colibacilllosis suspected
• IV Adult cow 200cc / calf 100cc SQ follow-up
  if needed
• Immunoboost - 5cc IV/IM/SQ
• Herbal Antibacterial Tincture IV
• Garlic, Ginseng, Goldenseal, Wild Indigo,
  Barberry
• Adult cow 90cc loading dose and 15cc t.i.d.
  oral follow-up
• Vitamin C IV or IM 250-500cc IV or 5cc/100lbs IM
  s.i.d. (lt30cc/site)
• MuSe 1cc/200lbs or BoSe 3cc/100lbs
• Herbal antibacterial powder orally as follow-up
• garlic, ginseng root, barberry root, oregon
  grape root
• 2 capsules bid x 5 days

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Minnie
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Natural treatment for hot coliform mastitis

• 200cc IV hyper-immune plasma (biologic)
• i.e. BoviSeraTM
• 5cc Immunoboost IM
• 90 cc IV Phyto-Biotic (garlic, ginseng,
  goldenseal, oregon grapeberry barberry in
  dextrose)
• 250-500cc IV Vit. C
• 1-2 L. IV hypertonic saline (electrolytes)
• Topical essential oil of peppermint

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Mastitis not systemically ill

• PHYTOMAST
• Gaultheria, Glyccyrhiza, Thyme, Angelica, vitamin
  E, Brassica campestris q.s.
• Available in 15cc infusion tubes
• Dose 1 tube q12h x 4 d.
• BIOCEL CBT
• Contains ultra-filtered colostrum whey
• Dose 30cc SQ s.i.d. x 3 d.

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Thymol(Dorman and Deans, J. of Applied
Microbiology 2000, 88, 308-316)

• Relative bacteriocidal strengths
• Thymus vulgaris gt Origanum vulgare gt Syzygium
  aromaticum
• Effective against
• B. subtilis, Clostridium sporogenes,
  Enterococcus fecalis, E. coli, Klebsiella
  pneumoniae, Moraxella sp, Proteus vulgaris,
  Pseudomonas aeroguinosa, Salmonella pollurum,
  Staph aureus
• Thymol is GRAS

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Bunny

• 13 yr old Holstein, fresh about 3 weeks
• Subjective
• bright and alert eats some
• Objective
• T 103
• enlarged kidney uterus OK
• Slow rumen pong on right no pings
• RH quarter, dilute looking milk, CMT with
  some swelling but not hard
• heart and lungs OK
• humped back, head down
• Assessment
• DDX
• Plan?

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Bunny Treatment Plan

• IV electrolytes, 500cc dextrose, 90 cc
  antibiotic tincture
• 100cc hyperimmune plasma
• 5cc Immunoboost
• 500cc vitamin C
• Follow-up
• SQ BoviSera
• Magnet
• PhytoMast
• Bunny has been doing well and has celebrated her
  14th birthday

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Clinical work-up for Rachel Off-feed

• History
• Holstein, 5th lactation, fresh 1½ months. Took a
  while for her to get started this lactation,
  but was doing well for last 2 weeks, now
  off-feed. Autumn grazing (in at night and when
  bad weather), has been damp recently. Haylage,
  hay and grain fed.
• Subjective
• Sluggish
• Objective
• Fever 104.0, heart rate increased, lungs
  raspy/rough, slow rumen motility, slow gut
  motility, uterus OK, ketotic, breath OK (not
  fetid), oral mucous membranes good color, manure
  somewhat firm.
• Assessment - Ddx??
• Plan
• Approaches to consider ?

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Treatment plans immune modulation

• IV Dextrose with 3 oz. herbal antibiotic
  tincture (garlic, goldenseal, berberis,
  echinacea, baptisia), 2 bottles Vit C and
  electrolytes (CMPK)
• SQ Bovi-Sera every 12 hours x 3-4 doses (or
  hyper-immune plasma)
• Oral follow-up Herbal antibiotic powder
  garlic, ginseng, berberis
• Re-exam

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Follow-up

• Colleague checked her the next day bloody
  diarrhea, looking somewhat depressed possible
  Salmonella, or, moldy feed ingested (fever vs. no
  fever)
• Farmer called following day and said Rachel was
  getting better and beginning to eat manure
  improving
• Rachel has remained well and productive since
  November a year ago until present

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Dora

• Fresh 3 days
• Temp 107
• Bright and Alert
• Not eating a thing
• Decent hydration
• RF is hot and hard
• RF quarter has gas when stripped out
• Told farmer to use an antibiotic
• Took into consideration her being bright and
  alert and high fever fevers are good!

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Doras Treatment

• IV dextrose, 90cc herbal antibacterial tincture,
  500cc vitamin C, 200cc hyperimmune plasma
• PhytoMast in quarter (farmer had been using it
  prior to examination)
• 15-20cc herbal antibiotic tincture 3 times daily
  for 4 days
• Left bottle of penicillin at farm to use if
  needed at slightest sign of worsening

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Dora at next herd checkdoing well, but 3
teated(returned bottle of penicillin)
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Reproduction Treatments

• Metritis- Iodine pills and manual removal after
  fresh 5 days
• Pyometra - Infuse/lavage with Utre-Sept
  (botanical tinctures)
• No Heats Heat Seek (botanical powders)
• 1 capsule every day until heat or until finished
  (6 doses)
• NC State will be running a clinical trial in
  September
• Cysts Gently try to rupture, acupuncture,
  homeopathics, Heat Seek (12 doses)

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Calf Scours -Jump on it EARLY!

• Oral feeding of egg protein complexes (antibodies
  to coliforms and salmonella) in first 10-12 days,
  not continually (EPIC Calf Scour formula)
• If needed, tube feed electrolytes with acetate
  and glycine in formula (EPIC electrolytes)
• BoSe - 3cc/100 lbs
• Immunoboost - 1cc
• PhytoBiotic (garlic, goldenseal, ginseng) 5-8 cc
  orally 3 times daily as needed

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Calf Scours -Late treatment

• IV fluids 800 cc Lactated Ringers solution, 100
  cc dextrose, 100 cc sodium bicarb
• Hyper immune plasma
• Antitoxin serum (BoviSera, PolySerum)
• Immunoboost
• BoSe

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Mona

• Signalment 2 lactation Holstein, fresh Nov.
  2005 bred about 60 days
• History and farmers observations she was eating
  fine and milking OK until the morning hasnt
  touched a thing to eat.
• Physical Exam T 104, heart rate increased,
  lungs OK, rumen slow, no pings, lump on right
  lower jaw somewhat firm
• Presumptive diagnosis lumpy jaw (actinomycosis)

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Pre-treatment 4 days later 10 days later
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Treatment for Monas lumpy jaw

• Infectious disease antibiotics or not?
• Sodium iodide IV need to repeat in 4-6 days and
  again 4-6 days later
• Also used hyper-immune plasma to counteract any
  gram negative effects.
• Vitamin C
• Herbal antibiotic tincture 90cc in 500cc
  dextrose
• (contains garlic, echinacea, baptisia,
  hydrastis, barberry)
• Anti-pyretics? Animal is pregnant
• Rx 15cc herbal antibiotic tincture 3 times daily
  until finished (3 days) topical peppermint
  essential oil lotion

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Careful with necrotic cellulitis
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Diamond

• Signalment 4th lactation Holstein, fresh 3-4
  weeks (on phone call said she was fresh 3 months)
• History Was eating and milking well,
• 100lbs/day slowed down in last couple days
• Farmers observations not finishing her feed,
  prefers hay, dropped in milk production

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Diamonds Physical exam

• General Temp 101.5 hydration OK
• Respiratory normal respiratory rate and lung
  sounds but scent of glue on breath
• Circulatory heart OK pink oral mucous
  membranes ears warm
• Digestive rumen slow, no pings, firm, horse-like
  manure
• Uro-genital uterus OK, kidney normal size
• Udder CMT OK all 4 quarters large sore in udder
  cleft
• Subjective appears kind of sleepy or spacey

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Immediate treatment plan for Diamond

• IV dextrose and calcium (electrolytes)
• PO alfalfa meal, electrolytes with glycerin in
  5 gallons water
• Dispensed gallon of electrolytes with glycerin
• Rx 8 oz. bid as needed

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Springing Heifer Nose in Barn Fan
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1 Hour Later
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2 Weeks Later
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Treatment for Nosey

• Xylazine IV for sedation
• Butorphanol IV for systemic analgesia
• Lidocaine local, 100 cc
• Chlorhexidine impregnated 4 x 4s
• Suture with Vicryl 1 and Braunamid 3
• Tolazoline IM to wake up
• Flunixin 12 cc IV 12cc IM bid x 2 days
• Calendula ointment on surface
• No antibiotics given

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3 situations where antibiotics are definitely
needed sooner than later

• Peritonitis (generalized)
• Bone infections
• When 2 or more organ systems are involved i.e.
  metritis and bacterial pneumonia hot coliform
  and metritis, etc.

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Opportunities for Veterinarians in Organic
Agriculture

• Be a veterinary practitioner!
• Veterinary Research
• pharmacology of natural treatments efficacy
  trials
• epidemiology
• behavior
• agro-ecology
• Animal welfare issues
• Nutrition geared to grazing
• International studies and development
• Be a conscientious food producer
• Whatever you choose, know that organic
  agriculture produces food without hidden
  environmental costs

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Thank you for being here today

• www.penndutchcowcare.org
• Free monthly news letters with practical tips and
  industry updates
• (7 years worth)
• penndutch_at_earthlink.net
• 717-529-0155
• www.acresusa.com to order
• Treating Dairy Cows Naturally
  Thoughts
  and Strategies