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Freight road transport in Spain.Towards a
higher energy and environment efficiency?

• Pedro José Pérez-Martínez

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TRANSPORT SECTOR IN SPAIN
BACKGROUND

• Supports economical development
• 5,3 GDP (3 road transport, rail excluded)
• Multypling effect over other sectors
• Employment 4,3 potencial working popullation
  and 4,7 working people. (Road transport, rail
  excluded, represents 3,2 working people).

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TRANSPORT EMPLOYEES
Figure 1 Transport sector in Spain 2002
Working people on road transport
(743.800)
Source D. G. de Programación Económica,
Ministerio de Fomento, Informe Anual 2002.
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DEMAND BY MODE
Figure 2a Freight transport demand by mode in
Spain 2002 (402.882 millions tonnes-kilometer)
Source D. G. de Programación Económica,
Ministerio de Fomento, Informe Anual 2002.
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DEMAND AND GDP
Figure 2b Freight transport demand by transport
mode and GDP in Spain 1990-2002. During period
1990 2000, growth of 61 (5.1 year-1)
Source Dirección General de Aviación Civil, Ente
Público Puertos del Estado, Dirección General de
Carreteras, Dirección General de Ferrocarriles
(Ministerio de Fomento), RENFE, FEVE y
Comunidades Autónomas. Instituto Nacional de
Estadística 2004.
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DEMAND AND GDP INDICES
Figure 2c Freight transport demand and GDP in
Spain
Source D. G. de Programación Económica,
Ministerio de Fomento, Informe Anual 2002.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística 2004.
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ENERGY
Table 1 Energy consumption by transport mode
(Total equivalent in TJ )
TRANSPORT MODE 1990 (36) 1995 (35,7) 2000 (35,8 ) 2002 (35,9)
Road 771728,2 (79,8) 808014,3 (76,3) 1091352,7 (69,1) 1174856,2 (68,7)
Rail 12269,8 (1,3) 11407,7 (1,1) 12001,7 (0,8) 12097,3 (0,7)
Air 100393,5 (10,4) 129709,3 (12,2) 186107,3 (11,8) 175192 (10,3)
Sea 79637,4 (8,2) 106918,4 (10,1) 284070,5 (18,0) 339672,7 (19,9)
Pipe 1127,1 (0,1) 1679,6 (0,2) 3033,4 (0,2) 5213,6 (0,3)
Metro 1347,8 (0,1) 1463 (0,1) 1924,9 (0,1) 2057 (0,1)
Total 966503,8 1059192,3 1578490,5 1709088,8
Contribution of transport sector to total
energy consumption in Spain(), 37,8 (2006),
38,9 (2012) Source D.G. De Política Energética
y Minas, CLH, S.A., REPSOL BUTANO S.A., RENFE,
FEVE, REPSOL PETRÓLEO S.A., Generalidad de
Cataluña, Metropolitano de Madrid, Generalidad de
Valencia, Ferrocarriles del Gobierno Vasco,
Metropolitano de Barcelona y Compañías Privadas
de Ferrocarril.
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ENERGY
Figure 3 Final energy consumption of road
transport broken down by vehicle category in
Spain (2000)
14 Contribution of road freight transport to
total energy consumption in Spain ()
Source D. G. de Programación Económica,
Ministerio de Fomento, Informe Anual 2002.
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OBJETIVES

• Benchmarking of freight transport efficiency,
  operational performance
• Results of a descriptive key performance
  indicator survey Encuesta Permanente Transporte
  Mercancías Carretera, EPTMC (PRFSS) 1997-2003
• Audit of the efficiency of 41600 vehicles over
  a-year
• Combine the effect of vehicle utilisation/fuel
  efficiency on CO2 emissions (and on operating
  costs?)

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PERMANENT ROAD FREIGHT SAMPLE SURVEY (PRFSS)

• Initiative of the PRFSS (1997-2003)
• Random stratified sampling (800/week, 41600
  vehicles/year)
• Key descriptive and performance indicators
• Data collection and analysis

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SAMPLING
Equations 1,2 Estimation of the sampling results
- Random Stratified Sampling

• For each stratum h (h1...16), stratification
  criteria service, reach, capacity
• xhi Value of X variable in i vehicle of h
  stratum ? descriptive key performance
  indicators.
• Fh Expansion coefficient for h stratum.
• nh Number of sampling vehicles from h stratum
• Nh Total number of authorized vehicles from h
  stratum. (directory population).

Titular sampling size (800/week) (200/week
reserve, 41600 vehicles/year)

• b(tit)h Number of falls within h stratum,
  detected in the sampling.
• e(tit)h Number of vehicles within h stratum that
  not correspond to the survey (fireman, forestry,
  construction trucks, snowplows, etc.)
• s Number of weeks within the calculation period.

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INDICATORS
Table 1 Descriptive (DI) and key performance
indicators (KPI)

• Descriptive Indicators (DI)/ Measure of National
  Indices
• i.e. Operations, Vehicle-km, Kilometers, Tonnes,
  Tonne-km, Distribution of HDV, Load capacity
• Utilisation Indices (KPI1)/ Measure of Energy
  Intensity
• i.e. Empty running (), Vehicle loading (),
  Fuel efficiency (l/km) or (l/t-km), Fuel
  consumption (l), Emission efficiency (grs
  CO2/t-km)
• Productivity Indices (KPI2)/ Measure of
  production
• i.e. Vehicle time utilization, Transport content
  (km/t)
• Effectiveness Indices (KPI3)/ Measure of
  efficiency
• i.e. Deviations from schedule, Transport
  distance (logistical reach, km), Average payload
  (organization of transport-efficiency,
  t-km/vehicles-km)

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INDICATORS

• Some of the indicators are directly measured by
  the PRFSS and other are estimates

Equations 3, 4, 5 Transport content, distance
and efficiency
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DI/ Operations Vehicle-kilometers (2003)
Figure 4 Indicators of the PRFSS-Survey by trip
mode (I)
Operations (thousands)
Vehicle-Kms (thousand millions)
69.5 km 17502 v-kms (millions)
251831 Operations (thousands)
17.5 kilometers (billions) ? 6125796,3 litres
diesel (millions) ? 5,7 toe (millions)
Source Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por
Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.
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DI/ Tonnes Tonne-kilometers (2003)
Figure 5 Indicators of the PRFSS-Survey by trip
mode (II)
Tonnes (thousands)
Tonne-km (millions)
1850 Tonnes (millions, payload)
104 Km (transport distance) 192587
Tonne-kms (millions)
Source Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por
Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.
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DI/ Tonne-kilometers TRENDS
Figure 6 Freight road transport trends in Spain
Source Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por
Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.
Transport between municipalities and within
municipalities is excluded (33).
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DI/ Tonnes within municipalities (2003)
Figure 7 Transport within municipalities (in
tonnes)
Transport by types of service and vehicle
Transport by distance interval
613 Tonnes (millions), 5542 Tonne-kms
(millions), 9 km
Source Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por
Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.
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DI/ Tonnes between municipalities (2003)
Figure 8 Transport between municipalities (in
tonnes)
Transport by types of service and vehicle
Transport by distance interval
1188 Tonnes (millions), 132868 Tonne-kms
(millions), 112 km
Source Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por
Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.
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DI/ Tonnes international (2003)
Figure 9 International transport (in tonnes)
Transport by types of service and vehicle
Transport by distance interval
50 Tonnes (millions), 54177 Tonne-kms
(millions), 1083 km
Source Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por
Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.
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DI/ Distribution (2003)
Table 2 Freight road transport legal vehicles
in Spain - 2003
Figure 10 Distribution of HDV in Spain - 2003
LIGHT
Public service 97.530
Private service 500.426
TOTAL LDV 597.426
HEAVY
Public service 210.976
Private service 125.361
TOTAL HDV 336.337
Rigid Small rigid (2 axles) lt 10 t, Medium
rigid (2 axles) 10-18 t, Large rigid (gt2
axles) gt 18t Tractor 32 t articulated vehicles
(4 axles), 38-44 t articulated vehicles (gt4
axles)
TOTAL
933.763
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DI/ Load capacity
KPI2/ Operativity
Figure 11 Load capacity of HDV in Spain - 2003
Figure 12 Average percentage of
operativity, time utilization - 2003
trailer time, ? 79
running on the road, loading/unloading,
Awaiting unloading/uploading, pre-load
Source Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por
Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.
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Utilisation Indices (KPI1)/ Empty Running (2003)
Figure 10 Key performance indicators regarding
operations of empty running (average level of
efficiency at sectoral level, utilization indices)
Empty / 100 loaded operations
Empty / 100 loaded kms
Empty running ? 47
Empty running ? 26
Potential for improving the efficiency of
delivery operations
Source Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por
Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.
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Utilisation Indices (KPI1)/ Load Factors (2003)
Figure 11 Load factors in road freight transport
for weight categories of Spanish lorries in 2003
(defined as the percentage utilization of the
capacity by weight). The figure of the left is
higher as empty running was excluded.
Utilization of available tonne-kms? 80
Utilization of available tonne-kms ? 40
The fact that some companies achieve higher load
factors than others suggests that can be improved
Source Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por
Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.
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RESULTS - Performance data
Table 3a Road freight transport, HDV.
Performance data (1997-2003)
DI Descriptive Indicators, Indirectly
calculated from running kilometers using
following relations
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RESULTS - Performance data
Table 3b Road freight transport, HDV.
Performance data (1997-2003)
_ Not significant differences, KPI1 Utilisation
Indices, KPI2 Productivity Indices, KPI3
Effectiveness Indices, Indirectly calculated
from running kilometers and t-k, Indirectly
calculated from equations 3, 4, 5
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RESULTS - by service and vehicle type
Table 4 Road freight transport, HDV indicators
by service and vehicle type (2003)
Source Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por
Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.
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RESULTS by service and vehicle type
Figure 12 Road freight transport, HDV indicators
by service and vehicle type (2003)
Rigid Small rigid (2 axles) lt 10 t, Medium
rigid (2 axles) 10-18 t, Large rigid (gt2
axles) gt 18t Tractor 32 t articulated vehicles
(4 axles), 38-44 t articulated vehicles (gt4
axles)
Source Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por
Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.
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RESULTS by logistical reach
Table 5 Road freight transport, HDV indicators
by logistical reach (2003)
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CONCLUSIONS

• Benchmarking of transport description,
  utilisation, productivity and efficiency in road
  freight in Spain vs set of indicators was done
  using PRFSS
• Benchmarking reveals wide variation in absolute
  values during studied period 1997-2003
• Benchmarking indicates not a wide variation in
  vehicle utilisation, productivity and energy
  intensity although not distinction in the nature
  of the product was done
• Limitation of the survey, lack of key performance
  indicators that directly measures operating
  performance (KPI2-KP3)
• Future surveys should examine more KPIs and
  further relationship between transport and
  logistical variables (also interraltionship
  between KPIs)
• Expand sample size permiting greater
  segmentation, more number of homogeneous strata,
  improving the accuracy

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THANKS !
Pedro José Pérez-MartínezTransport Research
Center TRANSyT, UPME-mail pjperez_at_caminos.upm.
esHomepage http//www.transyt.upm.es