USING LAYOUT TOOLS

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USING LAYOUT TOOLS

• 8th Grade Shop Skills
• Sweet Springs R-7

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System of Measurement

• English standard measurement in the United
  States, now called U.S. Customary System
• Uses, inch, foot, yard, rod and mile as units
• 12 inches in a foot
• 3 feet in a yard
• 16 ½ feet in a rod
• 5,280 foot in a mile

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System of Measurement

• Metric System used for scientific work in the
  United States
• Measurements are based on the meter
• 1 Meter 100 centimeters (cm)
• 1 Meter 1,000 millimeters (mm)
• 1000 Meters a Kilometer (km)
• Units are in multiples of 10

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Inch as a Unit of Measurement

• Traditional unit for woodworking and metalworking
• Some fine rules or scales have 32 marks per inch.
• Most rules have 16 marks per inch with each mark
  equaling 1/16 of an inch.

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How To Read a Ruler

• Identify how many marks there are to an inch.
• Measure item and count how many marks past a
  whole number.
• Reduce to least common denominator

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Reading a Ruler

• How many marks are there to an inch on this
  ruler?
• 16

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Reading a Ruler

• Locate the marks for 1, 2, 3 and 4
• Inch marks are the longest, usually the number is
  located under or to one side of the line.

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Reading a Ruler

• Look at the lengths of the lines to determine
  measurement.
• The longest line is for a whole number 1
• Next longest line is for 1 /2
• Next longest line is for 1 / 4 and 3 / 4
• Next longest line is for 1 / 8, 3 / 8, 5 / 8 and
  7 / 8
• Remaining lines are 1/16, 3/16, 5/16, 7/16, 9/19,
  11/16, 13/16, 15/16

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Make Your Own Ruler

• On the strip of paper given to you, write 0 on
  one end and 1 on the other.
• Fold in half and draw line on the crease, write 1
  / 2 at the crease.
• Fold in half again. The creases created are 1 /
  4 and 3 /4
• Fold in half again to get 1, 3, 5, 7 /8th
• Fold in half again to get 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,
  16ths

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Reading A Ruler

• The Letter A represents what measurement?
• 1

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Reading A Ruler

• The Letter B represents what measurement?
• 1 7/16

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Reading A Ruler

• The Letter C represents what measurement?
• 1 14/16 or 1 7/8

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Reading A Ruler

• The Letter D represents what measurement?
• 2 11/16

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Reading A Ruler

• The Letter E represents what measurement?
• 3 1/16

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Reading A Ruler

• The Letter F represents what measurement?
• 3 5/16

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ONLINE PRACTICE

• http//www.rickyspears.com/rulergame/
• http//www.funbrain.com/measure/index.html

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Working With Fractions

• What is a fraction?
• It is a portion of a whole
• They have a numerator (Top Number)
• And a denominator (Bottom Number)
• 1 / 2 would mean 1 part of 2

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Working With Fractions Online

• http//www.visualfractions.com/EnterFraction.html

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Adding Fractions

• With common (same) denominators
• Add nominator
• Denominators stay the same
• ¼ ¾ 4/4
• 3/8 5/8 8/8
• 3/16 7/16 10/16

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Adding Common Denominators

• 1 / 4 1 / 4
• 2 / 4
• 3 / 4 3 / 4
• 6 / 4
• 1 / 8 3 / 8
• 4 / 8
• 5 / 8 7 / 8
• 12 / 8

• 1 / 8 5 / 8
• 6 / 8
• 3 / 16 3 / 16
• 6 / 16
• 1 / 16 5 / 16
• 6 / 16
• 7 / 16 5 / 16
• 12 / 16

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Adding Fractions Online

• Add Fractions With Like Denominators using Circles

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Adding Fractions

• With uncommon (different) denominators
• One or both fractions will need to changed so
  both will have a common denominator
• 3/8 3/16
• First change 3/8 to 6/16 by multiplying both the
  numerator and denominator by 2
• 6/16 3/16 9/16

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Adding Uncommon Denominators

• 1 / 2 1 / 4
• 3 / 4
• 1 / 2 1 / 8
• 5 / 8
• 1 / 2 1 / 16
• 9 / 16
• 1 / 4 1 / 8
• 3 / 8

• 1 / 4 1 / 16
• 5 / 16
• 1 / 8 1 / 16
• 3 / 16
• 3 / 16 1 / 2
• 11 / 16
• 5 / 16 3 / 8
• 11 / 16

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Adding Uncommon Denominators

• http//www.visualfractions.com/AddUnlikeCircle.htm
  l

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Reducing Fractions

• Reduce fractions to their least common
  denominator.
• Divide the numerator and denominator by the same
  number so both are whole numbers.
• 4 / 8 1 / 2 (both 4 8 can be divide by 2)
• 5 / 8 5 / 8 (cannot be divide and remain a
  whole number)

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Reducing Fractions

• 10 / 16
• 5 / 8
• 12 / 16
• 6 / 8
• 3 / 4
• 14 / 16
• 7 / 8
• 16 / 16
• 1

• 2 / 16
• 1 / 8
• 4 / 16
• 2 / 8
• 1 / 4
• 6 / 16
• 3 / 8
• 8 / 16
• 4 / 8
• 1 / 2

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Reducing Fractions

• http//www.visualfractions.com/LowestCircle.html
• http//www.learningplanet.com/sam/ff/index.asp

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Adding Compound

• 1st Method
• Convert the whole numbers to fractions and add
  like or common denominators
• 1 3 / 8 2 5 / 8
• 11 / 8 21 / 8
• 32 / 8
• 4

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Adding Compound Fractions

• 2st Method
• Add the fractions together then add the whole
  numbers to the fraction
• 1 3 / 8 2 5 / 8
• 3 / 8 5 / 8
• 8 / 8
• 1
• 1 1 2 4

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Adding Compound Fractions

• http//www.visualfractions.com/AddStrictCircle.htm
  l

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Subtracting Fractions

• With common (same) denominators
• Subtract nominator
• Denominators stay the same
• 3/4 - 1/4 2/4
• 5/8 - 3/8 2/8
• 7/16 - 3/16 4/16

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Subtracting Common Denominators

• 1 / 4 - 1 / 4
• 0 / 4
• 3 / 4 - 3 / 4
• 0 / 4
• 3 / 8 - 1 / 8
• 2 / 8
• 7 / 8 - 5 / 8
• 2 / 8

• 5 / 8 - 1 / 8
• 4 / 8
• 3 / 16 - 3 / 16
• 0/ 16
• 5 / 16 -1 / 16
• 4/ 16
• 7 / 16 - 5 / 16
• 2 / 16

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Subtracting Fractions Online
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Subtracting Fractions

• With uncommon (different) denominators
• One or both fractions will need to changed so
  both will have a common denominator
• 3/8 - 3/16
• First change 3/8 to 6/16 by multiplying both the
  numerator and denominator by 2
• 6/16 - 3/16 3/16

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Subtracting Uncommon Denominators

• 1 / 2 - 1 / 4
• 1 / 4
• 1 / 2 - 1 / 8
• 3 / 8
• 1 / 2 - 1 / 16
• 7 / 16
• 1 / 4 - 1 / 8
• 1 / 8

• 1 / 4 - 1 / 16
• 3 / 16
• 1 / 8 - 1 / 16
• 1 / 16
• 1 / 2 - 3 / 16
• 5 / 16
• 3 / 8 - 5 / 16
• 1/ 16

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Subtracting Uncommon Denominators
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Subtracting Compound Fractions

• 1st Method
• Convert the whole numbers to fractions and
  subtract like or common denominators
• 2 5 / 8 - 1 3 / 8
• 21 / 8 - 11 / 8
• 10 / 8
• 1 2/8
• 1 1/4

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Subtracting Compound Fractions

• 2st Method
• Subtract the fractions then subtract the whole
  numbers then add results together
• 2 5 / 8 - 1 3 / 8
• 5 / 8 - 3 / 8
• 2 / 8
• 2 1 1
• 1 2 / 8 1 2 / 8 or 1 1/4