Center for Renewable Transportation Infrastructure and Fuels

1
(No Transcript)
2
Societal Issues

• Economy
• Transportation fuel pricing
• Job creation
• Infrastructure funding renewal
• Energy independence
• Climate change

3
Asphalt IndustryBackground Challenges

• Approximately 68 of GDP utilizes our
  transportation systems
• About 90 of Nations paved highways use asphalt
• Asphalt pavements and composite pavements
• Maintenance applications (patching, crack
  sealing, surface treatments)
• Asphalt is derived from crude petroleum
• Refinery modifications has removed asphalt from
  the market to produce more transportation fuels

4
Impacts of Higher Crude Oil Prices

• Higher asphalt fuel prices reduces the number
  of infrastructure projects
• Fewer miles driven
• 50 billion fewer miles from November 2007 to May
  2008
• 11 billion fewer comparing March 2007 to March
  2008 (4.3 decrease)
• 15 billion fewer miles comparing August 2007 to
  August 2008 (5.6 decrease)
• Decrease in highway tax revenue
• Less asphalt polymers available due to reduction
  in tire manufacturing reduction in butadiene
  production
• Less money for infrastructure projects

5
Asphalt Industry Market

• Colorado
• 9.0 million tons of hot mix asphalt (540 million
  annually)
• 450,000 liquid tons of asphalt (320 million
  annually- net import to Colorado)
• 68 stationary 8 mobile hot mix asphalts plants
• Industry employs about 7,500 consisting of trades
  people, engineers, and financial banking
  specialists
• Nationally
• 500 million tons of hot mix asphalt (30 billion
  annually)
• 30 million liquid tons of asphalt (21 billion
  annually)
• 4,000 stationary 500 mobile hot mix asphalt
  plants

6
Bio-economy and Transportation Link

• Market share of bio-energy will become greater
  percentage of overall energy sector
• 2007 Energy Title mandates 36 billion gallons of
  ethanol be sold in U.S. by 2022 21 billion
  gallons of which must be produced from cellulosic
  feedstocks
• fast pyrolysis is one of the systems that will
  likely be deployed to produce cellulosic biofuels
• bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis shows great
  promise as an asphalt material
• Solutions for utilizing bio-energy co-products
  exist in asphalt industry

7
Fast Pyrolysis

• Rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds
  in the absence of oxygen to produce gas, char,
  and liquids

8
Fast Pyrolysis Production
9
Fundamental Studies with Micropyrolyzer and GC/MS
10
GC/MS Analysis of Feedstock Materials
Oak Wood Switch Grass Corn Stover
11
GC/MS Analysis of ESP Fractions
Oak Wood Switch Grass Corn Stover
12
Characteristics of Fractionated Bio-Oil
13
Fast Pyrolysis Products

• Biomass pyrolyzed to bio-oil
• Bio-oil fractions converted to renewable fuel,
  asphalt, and other products

14
Fast Pyrolysis

• Rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds
  in the absence of oxygen to produce liquids,
  char, and gas
• Small particles 1 - 3 mm
• Short residence times 0.5 - 2 s
• Moderate temperatures (400-500 oC)
• Rapid quenching at the end of the process

• Typical yields
• Oil 60 - 70
• Char 12 -15
• Gas 13 - 25

15
Bio-char Soil amendment and carbon sequestration
agent
Nature, Vol. 442, 10 Aug 2006
16
Greenhouse gases reduced by carbon storage in
agricultural soils
Carbon Stored (lb/acre/yr)
Char from pyrolyzing one-half of corn stover
17
Greenhouse Gas Emission Comparison

• Bio-oil is a closed system with greenhouse gases
  (GHG) sequestered
• Crude refinery products are about 165lbs (0.083
  tons) of GHG per ton of product (asphalt)
• Cement production is 0.7 tons GHG per ton of
  cement

18
Experimental Plan

• Three asphalt binders
• 1 local binder (1 polymer-modified, 1 neat
  binder)
• 2 well known binders (AAD-1 AAM-1)
• Three experimental bio-oil fractions
• Corn Stover
• Oak Wood
• Switch Grass
• Each asphalt mixed with each lignin sample at 3,
  6, and 9 percent by weight
• Evaluate rheological properties and determine Tc
  and performance grade of each blend

19
Performance Testing
1. Blend asphalt and lignin in a high
speed shear mill at 145C for 15 minutes
3. Short-term age asphalt/lignin blends with a
RTFO
2. Evaluate high-temperature rheological
properties of unaged blends with a DSR
5. Long-term age asphalt/lignin blends with a
PAV
6. Evaluate inter-temperature rheological
properties of PAV aged blends with a DSR
4. Evaluate high-temperature rheological
properties of RTFO aged blends with a DSR
8. Calculate continuous performance grade of
mixtures
7. Evaluate low-temperature rheological
properties of unaged blends with a BBR
9. Compare results of different asphalt/bio
oil blends
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
Product Type and Percentage
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
High Temperature Tc Means Testing
27
Low Temperature Tc Means Testing
28
Summary of Asphalt/Bio-oil Research

• The addition of lignin containing co-products to
  asphalt binders causes a stiffening effect
• Binder effects
• Biomass Source of Lignin
• Amount of Lignin
• The stiffening effect increases the high, int.,
  and low critical temperatures of the
  asphalt/lignin blends
• The high temperatures are increased more than the
  low temperatures
• Grade ranges in some combinations are increased
  by one grade (6ºC) and in other combinations no
  effects

29
Development of a Bio Binder

• Can bio oil fractions be upgraded to produce an
  asphalt binder replacement?
• If so, how is this accomplished?
• Will the technology be turn key with existing
  asphalt industry production construction
  processes?
• What is the performance of the bio binder?
• How do we specify bio binder quality?

30
Development of Reaction Curves

• Understand that bio oil properties can change
  with heating
• Assist with formulating bio binders

31
Set of Reaction Curves
32
Examining Polyethylene Polymer Effects
33
Dynamic Shear Rheometer Testing

• Created bio binder grades of 52 and 58ºC based
  upon unaged samples
• Mixing Temperature of 105ºC
• What is the appropriate short term aging
  protocol?
• What is the appropriate long term aging protocol?

34
What makes bio-oil attractive for use in asphalt
industry?

• Replacement of asphalt binder at a lower price
• Can be used as an asphalt anti-oxidant additive
  to increase asphalt pavement life
• Can lower asphalt plant production temperatures
• Lower plant operating costs (fuel consumption)
• Lower production temperatures reduces greenhouse
  gas production
• Bio-oil is renewable

35
Research Questions

• Specification criteria
• Field handling constructability
• Field performance
• ? Full scale pilot plant under construction and
  anticipate field trials 2009 construction season

36
Benefits to United States

• Economic development and job creation
• Lower petroleum based product pricing by creating
  alternatives
• Sustainable transportation inputs with lower GHG
• Lower infrastructure costs- construction,
  pavements and maintenance activities
• Petroleum independence

37
Acknowledgements

• Iowa Department of Transportation
• www.iowadot.gov/operationsresearch/default.html
• Iowa Energy Center
• www.energy.iastate.edu

38
Thank You!Questions?