Stealth, Invisibility

1
Stealth, Invisibility Deep Space Radiation
Shielding

• Benjamin T Solomon
• Interstellar Space Exploration Technology
  Initiative
• iSETI LLC
• P.O. Box 831
• Evergreen, CO 80439
• benjamin.t.solomon _at_ iseti.us

2
Biography

• 2010 Session Co-Chairman, A03.1. Theories,
  Models and Concepts at Space, Propulsion
  Energy Sciences International Forum (SPESIF
  2010), Kossiakoff Center, Applied Physics
  Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University
• 2009 Space Propulsion Energy Sciences
  International Forum, (American Institute of
  Physics Conference Proceeding), gravitational
  acceleration without mass valid for gravity,
  mechanical electromagnetic forces.
• 2001 Current Numerous presentations papers
  on gravity modification at space conferences.
• 1999 Inventor of proprietary electrical circuits
  (with no moving parts) that can change weight (
  3 to 5 over 2 hours one 98 loss for about
  a minute). An engine technology without moving
  parts.

g t c2
3
Overview

• Introduction/Objectives/Approach
• Non-Gaussian Photon Probability Distribution
• Shielding, Cloaking Invisibility

4
Introduction

• Lehnert (2002) presents 10 failures of Maxwells
  equations. Two of these are wave-particle plane
  wave-dot. These 2 phenomenon have not been
  unified.
• Hunter et al (2002) focused only on the
  electromagnetic soliton wave function (no
  consideration for the photons probabilistic
  properties).
• Solomon (2009) had shown that gravitational
  acceleration is independent of the internal
  nature of a particle. Could one experimentally
  determine the nature of a particle? This work is
  in it early stages and some equations are quick
  dirty.
• The probabilistic approach provides an avenue to
  unify shielding, stealth or cloaking
  invisibility without consideration for
  electromagnetic properties.
• Would like to collaborate with experimenters and
  manufacturers to develop new materials with this
  approach. Seeking funding for this research.

5
Objectives

• To present a new approach to determining photon
  behavior based on the discovery that the photon
  probability distribution is not a Gaussian
  function and it is huge.

6
Approach

• Use of numerical modeling to determine the
  probability distribution that best fits the
  experimental data.
• Separate the probability distribution function
  from the electromagnetic wave function.
• Determine what types of photon behavior are best
  modeled by the probability distribution itself.

7
Non-Gaussian Photon Probability Distribution
8
The Airy Disc
Rings composed of dots of localizations of the
electromagnetic function. (Photo Source
Wikipedia)
9
Fitting the Distribution

1. Normal Distribution Tail too short cannot
   explain long tailed intensity dispersion.
2. Modified Gamma Fits the intensity dispersion
   correctly.

1. Modified Gamma A function of the space around
   the photon and therefore explains why and how the
   observer alters the observation.

10
Distribution Along Cross-Section

1. As ??90 the cross-sectional distribution becomes
   Normal
2. As ??0 the cross-sectional distribution in no
   longer Normal

11
Comparing with Best Fit Normal
? is small
? is large

1. Cross-Sectional photon probability distribution
   is not a Normal Distribution.
2. Photon distribution changes shape with angle from
   pinhole.

12
Distribution Along an Arc

1. The photon probability distribution along an arc
   is not a Normal Distribution.
2. The photon distribution changes shape with
   distance from pinhole.

13
Distribution Along Axis of Motion
Decreasing r.

1. Within the limits of sampling intervals the
   probability distribution resembles a Lognormal
   Distribution.
2. Note that the length of the probability
   distribution is on the order of 1,000s km. In
   this example L1 gt 100,000km (L1 length when
   probability lt 1)

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The Effect of ?/Da on Length
Increasing ?/DA
Increasing DA
Distribution Lengthens

1. The length of the probability distribution
   increases as the pinhole size increases.

15
The Effect of ?/Da on Height
Distribution shifts left or shortens

1. The probability distribution can be spread as
   much as 16m from the axis of motion.
2. The probability distribution narrows as the
   pinhole size is decreased.
3. The pinhole size can be used to narrow and
   lengthen the photon probability distribution.
   This is termed the squeezing effect.

16
Photon Probability Shape
17
Additional Restrictions on Entanglement
Experiments
Cannot do entanglement test in this region
gt16m
gt16m
gt16m
gt16m
Photon path
Photon path
Reflection only permitted after test.
Reflection only permitted after test.
gt16m
gt16m
Permitted region for entanglement test.
Permitted region for entanglement test.
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Additional Restrictions on Entanglement
Experiments

• Not allowed
• When 2 photons head towards each other.
• When the two parallel photons axes of motion are
  less than 32 m apart.
• Photon path reflection before and during test.
• If the modified Gamma photon probability is not
  the cause of quantum entanglement, then with
  these restrictions, probability of entangled
  observations gt1.

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Shielding, Cloaking Invisibility
20
Probabilistic Shielding Hypothesis
Simplified Otoshi
Slot
Prob. Distn.

1. Shielding Effectiveness, SEP, is defined as the
   ability to stop photon propagation through holes
   of radius r in the material. Or ratio of
   probability outside the hole.
2. The ability of a photon to pass through an
   aperture of size d is primarily determined by its
   probability function.
3. Given this probability function, the secondary
   shielding characteristics are the electromagnetic
   function that are overlaid on top of this
   probabilistic function.

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Comparisons with Experimental Data
Simplified Otoshi
Slot
Prob. Distn.

1. The Otoshi and Slot functions agree with each
   other.
2. The probability (in dB) agrees substantially .
3. Differences due to electromagnetic effects
   undetermined pinhole size, DA.
4. Can separate probabilistic from electromagnetic
   effects.

Quick Dirty
22
Typical Electromagnetic Component
Electromagnetic effect is non-linear
Electromagnetic effect is linear

1. The probability hypothesis suggests that for
   aperture sizes gt 0.4 wavelength, the
   electromagnetic effect is linear.
2. Need to build model of the non-probabilistic
   electromagnetic effects.

23
Probabilistic Cloaking Hypothesis
To counteract cloaking, reduce wavelength to lt
1/91.5x (gt10dB)
Stealth Cloaking
Cloaking is possible if object size is lt 12.5
wavelength (lt1dB)

1. Cloaking Effectiveness, CEP, is defined ratio of
   the distribution that is present outside the
   obstruction of radius r, i.e. the probability
   distribution that escapes around the disc or
   obstruction.
2. Using the same parameters as Schurig et al, 2006,
   the probability distribution model shows that if
   disc size lt12.5x wavelength, transmission is
   assured (lt1dB).
3. However, this model does not describe the
   electromagnetic effects of the material on the
   photon. Material properties are also key to
   cloaking.

24
Probabilistic Invisibility Hypothesis
Obstruction
The quick dirty ?/DA for a required cum prob.
Pgtr (e.g. 1) beyond a radial distance r from
the axis of motion.

1. Invisibility Effectiveness, IEP, is defined as
   the ability to pass through the spaces between
   atoms and molecules of radius r without
   interacting with the material. The ratio of the
   distribution that pass through the aperture.
2. This is achieved by squeezing the photon
   probability distribution.
3. Photon squeezing cannot be achieved by physical
   aperture manipulation alone but requires a
   technological solution.

25
The Future of Materials Design
There are 2 materials design strategies,
shielding or invisibility that can be used for
deep space radiation shielding.
Molecules
Molecules
26
Conclusion

• Explained how the observer alters the
  observation.
• Showed that the photon probability distribution
  is non-Gaussian huge.
• Explained Shielding, Cloaking/Stealth, and
  Invisibility in terms of the new non-Gaussian
  distribution. That these 3 phenomena are
  essentially the same.
• Identified 2 new strategies for materials design.
• Seeking collaboration funding.

27
Bibliography

• Hunte, G., Kowalski, M., Mani, R., Wadlinger,
  R.L.P., Engler, F., Richardson, T. From the
  Hubble Radius to the Plank Scale, Proceedings of
  a Symposium in Honour of the 80th Birthday of
  Jean-Pierre Vigier, Edited by Amoroso, R.L.,
  Hunter, G., Kafatos, M., and Vigier, J-P., Kluwer
  Academic Publishers, Boston, (2002)
• Lenhert, B.O. New Developments in
  Electromagnetic Theory, From the Hubble Radius
  to the Plank Scale, Proceedings of a Symposium in
  Honour of the 80th Birthday of Jean-Pierre
  Vigier, Edited by Amoroso, R.L., Hunter, G.,
  Kafatos, M., and Vigier, J-P., Kluwer Academic
  Publishers, Boston, (2002).
• Otoshi, T.Y. A study of microwave transmission
  through perforated flat plates. JPL Technical
  Report, 32-1526, Vol. II (1972).
• Schurig, D., Mock, J. J., Justice, B. J., Cummer,
  S. A., Pendry, J. B., Starr, A. F., Smith, D. R.
  Metamaterial Electromagnetic Cloak at Microwave
  Frequencies. Science Vol. 314. no. 5801, pp. 977
  - 980 (2006).
• Solomon, B.T. An Approach to Gravity
  Modification as a Propulsion Technology, Paper
  presented at the AIP Conference Space, Propulsion
  and Energy Sciences International Forum,
  Institute for Advanced Studies, Huntsville,
  Alabama, 24-26 February 2009.

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Acknowledgements

• I would like to thank the National Space Society
  for the opportunity to present this work.

29
Contact

• Benjamin T Solomon
• benjamin.t.solomon_at_iseti.us
• iSETI LLC, P.O. Box 831
• Evergreen, CO 80439
• Call For Papers SPESIF 2010 _at_ John Hopkins
• http//www.ias-spes.org/SPESIF.html