Happiness is making another person happy'

1
Happiness is making another person happy.

• -Goyal-

2
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems
3
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems INTRODUCTION

• Drip irrigation is a novel technique which has
  extended in different regions of the world. This
  system provides many benefits compared to other
  irrigation systems.
• Partial or total obstructions by different agents
  may render the drip irrigation system out of
  order.
• Clogging or obstruction causes economic loss to
  the farmer. Thus the success of drip irrigation
  depends on the filtration of water

4
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems OBJECTIVES

• Remove any suspended solids or particles from the
  irrigation water.
• Avoid any problems caused by the obstruction.

5
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems CLOGGING AGENTS

• Once the emitter flow rate decreases, the
  obstruction is accelerated leading to a complete
  clogging.
• The problem can be avoided by using clean water
  and avoid the injection of agents that may
  precipitate.

6
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems CLOGGING AGENTS

• Clogging agents are grouped in three categories
• Physical
• Chemical
• Biological

7
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems PHYSICAL AGENTS

• Different types of soil particles are present in
  the irrigation water.
• Clay particles in combination with salts can
  accumulate on the internal walls of drippers or
  the filters, and thus can reduce the emitter flow
  rate.

8
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems PHYSICAL AGENTS

• Silt and clay with other chemicals may form
  aggregates to cause clogging of drippers.
• Identify these solids as organic or inorganic

9
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems CHEMICAL AGENTS

• A high concentration of calcium, magnesium and
  bicarbonate ions in the irrigation water promotes
  deposits of calcium and magnesium carbonates.
• High concentrations of calcium and sulfate ions
  may cause formation of calcium sulfate on the
  surface of the dripper.
• Analysis of irrigation water is essential to know
  the probability of clogging by chemical deposits.

10
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

• The irrigation system can also be obstructed by
  macro organisms and microorganisms
• Organic matter content in water may consist of
  partially decomposed organic matter (mostly of
  vegetative origin) and microorganisms (algae,
  bacteria and protozoa).

11
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

• A visual inspection normally helps to identify
  these organisms. To identify appropriately
  bacteria, algae and protozoa, a microscopic
  examination is needed.

12
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems PREVENTION OF
CLOGGING

• The need to prevent obstruction by means of an
  adequate filtration unit should not be
  underestimated.
• Under any circumstances, untreated water should
  not be used for the drip irrigation. The water
  may look clean. It must be filtered with an
  adequate filtration system.

13
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems PREVENTION OF
CLOGGING

• Depending on the type of impurities and suspended
  solids, one may use different types of filtration
  methods.

14
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TYPES OF FILTERS

• Gravity filter
• Screen filter
• Disk or ring filter
• Sand filter
• Centrifugal filter

15
Chapter 7 Filtration SystemsSCREEN FILTER
16
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems DOUBLE SCREEN
FILTER
Closing handle (1) Butterfly (2) Cover
(3) Superior Seal (4) Interior sieve
(5) Exterior sieve (6) Nipple or union closing
(7) Lower seal (8 Drain or flushing valve
(9) Filter body (casing) (10)
17
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems DISK FILTER
COMPONENTS
18
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems DISK FILTER
FLUSHING
19
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems DISK FILTER FLOW
PATH
20
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems DISK FILTER
FLUSHING MODE
21
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems SAND FILTER
NORMAL PROCESS
22
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems HYDROCYCLONE
FILTER FILTRATION MODE
lthttp//www.clemonsales.com/sand.htmgt
23
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems GRAVITY FILTER

• Ponds, lakes, open ditches, irrigation channels
  and water reservoirs are good candidates for the
  gravity filter.
• Gravity filters can separate part of the
  suspended solids from the water. The method is
  not very reliable if the water has high
  concentration of microorganisms.

24
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems SCREEN FILTER

• The principal component is a sieve made of metal,
  plastic or synthetic fabric enclosed in a special
  casing.
• In each type of a screen filter, the sieve
  separates solid particles. The presence of
  biological agents in the irrigation system may
  cause obstructions in the sieve and reduce the
  filtration capacity.

25
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems SAND FILTER

• Sand filter is the most efficient method for
  separate organic matter in suspension and organic
  solids.
• This filter is well known for its capacity to
  remove and retain high quantities of particles,
  while maintaining a stable water flow.

26
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems SCREEN FILTER
FLUSHING OPERATION
27
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems FILTRATION AND
FLUSHING PROCESSES
28
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems CETRIFUGAL FILTER
29
SELECTION OF FILTERS

• An appropriate filtration system is selected to
  provide the required filtration with minimum cost
  and at maximum efficiency. The selection of a
  filter is based on the following factors
• The capacity of the filter should exceed the
  total demand of irrigation.
• Determine the physical, chemical and biological
  quality of the irrigation water the size and
  quality of the suspended solids to be removed
  consider the chance of chemical o biological
  obstructions and quality of water after
  filtration.

30
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems SERVICE AND
MAINTENANCE OF THE FILTRATION SYSTEM

• It is necessary to install pressure indicators
  (gages) at the entrance and at the exit of a
  filter. When the filters are clean, the gages
  should indicate the same pressure.
• Once obstructions begins, the pressure difference
  between both gauges begins to increase.

31
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TABLE 1a.
GUIDE TO SELECT A FILTER Q lt 50gpm
32
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TABLE 1b.
GUIDE TO SELECT A FILTER Q lt 50gpm
33
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TABLE 1c.
GUIDE TO SELECT A FILTER Q lt 50gpm
34
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TABLE 1d.
GUIDE TO SELECT A FILTER Q 50-200gpm
35
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TABLE 1e.
GUIDE TO SELECT A FILTER Q 50-200gpm
36
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TABLE 1f.
GUIDE TO SELECT A FILTER Q 50-200gpm
37
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TABLE 1g.
GUIDE TO SELECT A FILTER Q gt 200gpm
38
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TABLE 1h.
GUIDE TO SELECT A FILTER Q gt 200gpm
39
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TABLE 1i. GUIDE
TO SELECT A FILTER Q gt 200gpm
40
TABLE GUIDE KEY

• ¹ The purpose of this guide is to select a
  correct size of the filter. The specific and
  individual requirements of the design must be
  evaluated.
• Key for concentration of solids
• L Less than 5 ppm
• M 5 - 50 ppm
• H Greater than 50 ppm
• Key for recommendations
• A Disk or screen filter
• B Hydrocyclone filter or a sand
  separator.
• C Sand filter

41
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems MANUAL THREE WAY
VALVES

• Filtration in process
• Flushing in process

42
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems SOLUTIONS FOR
OBSTRUCTION PROBLEMS

• The best way to avoid obstruction problems is to
  install an adequate and efficient filtration
  system.
• The procedures for fixing obstruction problems
  are focused depending of the type of obstruction
  present.

43
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems AGENTS

• Physical AgentsFor flushing, open the ends of
  the principal (main) line and allow expulsion of
  the accumulated sediments. Then repeat the same
  process with the secondary (sub main) and lateral
  (drip) lines.

44
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems AGENTS

• Chemical Agents
• Most of the causes of obstruction by chemical
  agents may be resolved by chloration or treatment
  with acid.

45
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems AGENTS

• Biological AgentsWhen the silt or algae obstruct
  the emitters, the common treatment is an
  injection of a biocide (chlorine) followed by
  complete flushing of the lines to remove any
  organic matter.

46
SUMMARY

• We must select an adequate filtration system to
  provide water free of clogging agents. This
  chapter discusses clogging agents, prevention of
  clogging, types of filters, selection of filters,
  service and maintenance of filters, trouble
  shooting and procedure to solve problems of
  clogging.

47
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TROUBLE SHOOTING
48
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TROUBLE SHOOTING
49
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TROUBLE SHOOTING
50
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TROUBLE SHOOTING
51
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TROUBLE SHOOTING
52
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TROUBLE SHOOTING
53
Chapter 7 Filtration Systems TROUBLE SHOOTING