Historical Facts

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Historical Facts

• Brief Overview
• Chemical Thermodynamics
• Statistical Thermodynamics
• Atmospheric Thermodynamics

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Disclaimer!There are more disciplines/branche
s of Thermodynamics listed. However, the ones
covered are the more established branches with
more scientific credibility
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Chemical Thermodynamics

• This is a mathematical study of the relationships
  between heat and work in chemical reactions or
  within physical changes in state while adhering
  to the laws of thermodynamics
• 1865 Rudolf Clausius, Mechanical Theory of Heat
  and the Clausius-Clapeyron relation
• J.H. Vant Hoff- Chemistry and Equilibrium
  Thermodynamics?
• Affinity
• Willard Gibbs- Other side of the coin (Did some
  patchwork on Vant Hoffs work)
• Chemical Potential
• Two schools of thought on the same branch of
  Thermodynamics. Why?

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Chemical Thermodynamics (Cont)

• Van der Waals (PV/TConstant, not enough). 1889
  Waals to rescue with Equation of state for binary
  mixtures
• Chemists want something to satisfy non ideal
  situations. G.N. Lewis answers call with the
  methods of activities.

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Atmospheric Thermodynamics

• A branch of thermodynamics that focuses on water
  and its transformations.

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Atmospheric Thermodynamics

• Beginnings in early 1880s with Sadi Carnot,
  Emile Clapeyron, and Rudolf Clausius.
• Clausius-Clapeyron Equation (not relation)
• Heinrich Hertz- Atmospheric Dynamic Diagram.
• Alfred Wegener- 1911 Thermodynamik der
  Atmosphare
• 1970s -Text Books on subject matter begin to
  appear by credible scientists and becomes an
  important tool to weather forecasting.
• 1986- K. Emanuel- Carnot Engine and Hurricanes?

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Statistical Thermodynamics

• This is thermodynamics on the microscopic level.
  Its the study of the behaviors of thermodynamic
  systems with respect to probability theory on the
  microscopic level.

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Statistical Thermodynamics

• Father- 1870 Ludwig Boltzmann (Austrian)
• 1877- "On the Relation Between the Second Law of
  the Mechanical Theory of Heat and the Probability
  Calculus with Respect to the Theorems on Thermal
  Equilibrium"
• Boltzmann Equation

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Heat Transfer
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Heat Transfer

• Heat-the transferred of energy from one object to
  another due to a difference in temperature.
• Heat Transfer- the science of the change in heat
  in different circumstances.
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation

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Conduction

• Definition the transfer of heat from a higher
  temperature to a lower temperature through the
  particles of a material.
• Solids, liquids, gases.

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Jean Baptist Biot
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Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier

• Mathmatician and physcicist
• Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur
• Fouriers law of heat conduction

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Convection

• Definition is the process of heat transfer
  between a solid surface and a moving liquid or
  gas.
• Natural Convection
• Forced Convection
• Differences from Conduction

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Radiation

• Definition-heat transfer through the emission of
  electromagnetic waves which carry the heat away
  from the object.
• All objects emit radiation.
• Does not require a medium to transmit the energy.

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Ernst Schmidt

• German scientist
• Innovator in heat and mass transfer.
• The Schlieren and Shadow Method
• The Graphical Difference Method for the
  Unsteady Heat Condution
• Aluminum Foil

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Joseph Stefan

• Blackbody Radiation
• Stefan-Boltzman Law

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Fluid Mechanics
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Fluid Mechanics

• Fluid-from the French word meaning that which
  flows
• Mechanics-the study of motions of masses and the
  forces that act on them
• Fluid Mechanics-a science that deals with the
  behaviors of fluids at rest or in motion and the
  interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids
  at the boundaries

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Archimedes

• First known person to contribute to fluid
  mechanics
• Discovered the law of buoyancy
• Explained how a ship floats

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Leonardo da Vinci

• Derived the equation for conservation of mass for
  one-dimensional steady flow
• His interest in fluid mechanics also led him to
  design a submarine.

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Isaac Newton

• Gave us the laws of motion
• He also explained viscosity of linear fluids
• Introduced Newtonian fluids

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Leonhard Euler

• Derived the equations that relate velocity and
  pressure to the density of the liquid
• The equation was later improved by the
  Navier-Stokes equations

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Daniel Bernoulli

• Obtained the equation for incompressible flow
• Related the Conservation of Energy to fluid
  mechanics

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Osborn Reynolds

• Performed experiments to derive an equation that
  compares to types of forces on a liquid
• The equation shows whether the flow is laminar or
  turbulent

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Ludwig Prandtl

• Wrote Fluid Flow in Very Little Friction in 1904
• Director of the Institute of Technical Physics at
  the University of Gottingen in Germany

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Variables needed to define a fluid and its
environment
"Fluid Preliminaries." Efunda. 2006. Efunda. 3
Dec. 2006 lthttp//www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/o
verview.cfmgt.
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Aurora Borealis
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Condensation