Biowaste Disposal and Utilization

1
Biowaste Disposal and Utilization

• John Scanga
• Center for Red Meat Safety
• Department of Animal Sciences
• Colorado State University

2
Historical Events of Importance

• 1989 USDA Banned the Import of Live Ruminants
  from the UK and Other Countries with Known Cases
  of BSE
• 1997 FDA Bans Feeding of Most Mammalian Proteins
  to Ruminants
• 1999 USDA Publishes the Scrapie Eradication
  Program
• 2001 Europe Faces Widespread FMD outbreak
• 2002 USDA Tested 19,900 Cattle Using Targeted
  Surveillance
• May 20, 2003, Canada Announced the Discovery of
  One Positive Case of BSE
• December 23, 2003, USDA Announced the Discovery
  of One Positive Case of BSE in Washington

3
Risks from chemicals

• Euthanasia agents
• pentobarbital
• Antimicrobials
• Pesticides
• Predator control compounds
• 1080
• strychnine

4
Agents of Concern

• Bacteria
• Anthrax
• Clostridial organisms
• Salmonella spp.
• E. coli O157H7
• Listeria monocytogenes

• Viruses
• Foreign disease viruses
• Cryptosporidia
• Giardia

• Fungal Diseases
• Blastomycosis
• Cryptococcosis
• Coccidioidomycosis
• Aspergillosis

• TSEs
• CWD
• Scrapie
• BSE

5
Risks From Carcasses

• Transfer of disease
• Humans
• Animals livestock, wildlife, pets
• Environment
• Maintenance of disease in populations
• Contamination
• Air
• Water
• Soil

6
Livestock Mortalities in the U.S.
Source Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002
7
The Issues in Colorado

• US Statistics for 2000 (Sparks Companies, 2002)
• 22.9 million Cattle, Hogs, Sheep and Goats
• 3.0 billion pounds of mammalian livestock
  mortalities
• Colorado Estimates by Phelps et al. (2003)
• 205,800 head/month
• 132.3 million lb/month

8
Cost Estimates for Disposal
Rendering Rendering (Pre-1997) (Post-1997) Catt
le Calves (/hd) 8.25 24.11 Weaned Hogs
(/hd) 7.00 11.53 Pre-Weaned Hogs (/hd)
0.50 0.70 Other (/hd) 7.00 9.61 Operating
Costs (1,000) 93,470 194,470
Source Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002
9
What types of Bio-waste do you most commonly
produce? n237
of Respondents
10
What is the current destination of the Bio-waste
you produce? N205
of Respondents
SOURCE Phelps et al., 2003
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Cost Estimates for Disposal
Burial Incineration Composting Cattle Calves
(/hd) 10.63 9.33 30.34 Weaned Hogs (/hd)
12.45 4.09 14.04 Pre-Weaned Hogs (/hd)
2.01 0.30 1.02 Other (/hd)
1.51 0.29 0.98 Operating Costs
(1,000) 109,898 57,879 191,643 Fixed Costs
(1,000) N/A 1,379,646 2,146,116
Source Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002
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Chemical Digestion
14
Cost Consideration- Installation

• Digester Unit approximately 400,000 for a 2000
  lb unit
• Installation costs Approximately 500,000 for
  steam generator, steam hook-ups, sewer hook-ups,
  enclosure, room remodels, electrical hook-ups
• Effluent handling system--100,000 - 500,000
• Total gt 1,000,000

SOURCE Powers, 2003
15
Cost Consideration - Operation

• Steam, water, electricity (0.01/lb)
• Chemicals (NaOH/KOH) (0.02/lb)
• Personnel (4 hours/day for 2 cycles) (0.04/lb)
• Sewer costs (0.07/lb)
• Maintenance/Service/Repair (0.02/lb)
• Total operation (0.16/lb)

SOURCE Powers, 2003
16
Incineration

• Set-Up Cost 85,000
• Capacity 80-100 hd/24 hours
• 1 lb of fuel/1 lb of carcass
• 600-700 C

SOURCE Colorado Department of Agriculture
17
Anaerobic Digestion
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Cost of Anaerobic Digestion Compared to Covered
Lagoon
System Construction Cost Electricity
Savings Single Cell 301,500 0 Double
Cell 357,500 0 Covered Single
Cell 476,500 0 Covered Double
Cell 473,500 0 Single Cell w/75kW
Genset 375,000 40,000 Retrofit
Lagoon 250,000 40,000
SOURCE Lewis, 2003
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Composting
20
Land filling or Burial
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TDP End Products
Minerals and Coke 6
Water 45
Organic Liquor/Oil 44
Gas 5
SOURCE Halberstadt, 2003