INTRODUCTION: Chapter I

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INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
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Development A Definition

• The orderly and sequential changes that occur
  with the passage of time as an organism moves
  from conception to death.

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The Major Concerns of Science

• 1. Describe
• 2. Explain
• 3. Predict
• 4. Control

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Major Domains of Development

• 1. Physical
• 2. Cognitive
• 3. Emotional -social

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The Processes of Development

• 1. Growth
• 2. Maturation
• 3. Learning

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Context of Development

• ECOLOGICAL APPROACH (Bronfenbrenner)
• 1. Microsystem
• 2. Mesosystem
• 3. Exosystem
• 4. Macrosystem

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Timing of Developmental Events

• Normative Age-graded Influences
• Normative History-graded Influences
• Non-normative Life Events

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Cultural Variability

• Culture Social heritage of a people.
• Learned patterns for thinking, feeling and acting
  transmitted from one generation to the next.

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Changing Conceptions of Age

• Infancy
• Childhood
• Adolescence
• Adulthood
• Old age

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Connecting Historical Areas of Concern

• Turn of the 20th Century
• The 1950s and 1960s
• Contemporary Issues
• Back to the Future

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The Nature of Developmental Research
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The Scientific Method

• Select a researchable problem
• Formulate a hypothesis
• Test the hypothesis
• Draw conclusions about the hypothesis
• Make the findings of the study available to the
  scientific community

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Research Longitudinal Method

• Scientists study the SAME individuals at
  different points in their lives.

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Cross-Sectional Method

• Investigates development by simultaneously
  comparing DIFFERENT groups of persons varying in
  age.

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Sequential Methods

• Measuring more than one cohort over time.

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Experimental Method

• Experiment Study in which the investigator
  manipulates one or more variables and measures
  the resulting changes in the other variables to
  attempt to determine the cause of a specific
  behavior

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Experimental Method

• Independent Variable
• Extraneous Variables
• Experimental Group
• Control Group
• Dependent Variable
• Limitations

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Case-Study Method

• The accumulation of developmental information of
  a single individual.

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Social Survey Method

• Researchers ask questions to a sample of
  individuals who are representative of the
  population of individuals likely to be affected
• Random sampling

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Naturalistic Observation

• Researchers intensively watch and record behavior
  as it occurs.
• Modifications
• a. Time Sampling
• b. Event Sampling

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Cross-Cultural Studies

• Researchers compare data from two or more
  societies and cultures.

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Research Analysis
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Correlational Analysis

• Degree to which two or more behaviors are
  associated with each other
• Does not prove causation
• Can be used for predictive purposes

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Correlation Coefficient

• Numerical expression of the degree or extent
  of relationship between two variables or
  conditions.

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Ethical Standards for Human Development Research

• Respect and concern for the dignity and welfare
  of participants
• Informed consent
• Right to privacy