Changes in Energy Sources Throughout History

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Changes in Energy Sources Throughout History

• So Cal Delegation

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Benchmark 1

• Objective 1

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Coal

• Some historians believe that coal was first used
  commercially in China.
• There are reports that a mine in northeastern
  China provided coal for smelting copper around
  1000 BC.
• The improvement of the steam engine by James
  Watt, patented in 1769, was largely responsible
  for the growth in coal use.
• Coal was used to produce gas for gas lights in
  many cities.
• This process of coal gasification saw the growth
  in gas lights across metropolitan areas at the
  beginning of the 19th century, particularly in
  London.
• The use of coal gas in street lighting was
  eventually replaced with the emergence of the
  modern electric era.

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Continued History

• With the development of electric power in the
  19th century, coals future became closely tied
  to electricity generation.
• The first practical coal-fired electric
  generating station, developed by Thomas Edison,
  which went into operation in New York City in
  1882, supplied electricity for household lights.
• With the huge rise in transportation, oil finally
  overtook coal as the largest source of primary
  energy in the 1960s.  

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Uses

• In the 1300s, Native Americans used coal for
  cooking, making clay pots, and heating.
• Wood charcoal had long been used to provide fuel
  in England, but in the 18th century it was
  discovered that coal burned cleaner and hotter.
• Coal was used during the Industrial Revolution,
  when demands for energy sources increased.
• Coal was used to fuel steam-powered trains and in
  the production of weapons during the American
  Civil War
• About one hundred years ago in the US, it was
  used for heating homes, generating electricity,
  powering railroads and boats, and fueling
  factories.
• Coal production has increased by more than 70
  since 1970.

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uses continued

• Coal provided 25 of global energy needs in 2005
  and 40 of the worlds electricity
• 9 of 10 tons of coal mined in the US is used to
  generate electricity.
• About 56 of the electricity is coal-generated
  electricity.
• Industries use coal to make chemicals, cement,
  paper, and metal products,
• Methanol and ethylene, made from coal gas, are
  used to make products such as plastics,
  medicines, fertilizers, and tar.

• Energy Usage

http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum
b/8/8a/World_energy_usage_width_chart.svg/741px-Wo
rld_energy_usage_width_chart.svg.png
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Coal Output
http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/67/2005
coal.PNG
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Advantages

• World reserves of coal are very large and will
  last for 200 years at current rates of
  consumption
• The reserves are spread more equitably across the
  world than those of oil
• Coal has a low cost, relative to oil and natural
  gas

• Energy costs per million British thermal units
• Coal1.20  
• Oil4.45
• Natural gas4.30 

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Coal Reserves
http//climateprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2007
/09/coal-wsj.gif
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Disadvantages

• Coal produces more carbon dioxide than any other
  generation method, making it a leading cause of
  global warming
• The methods of mining coal can be very
  destructive to the land
• Large quantities of ash have to be disposed of
  and a lot of smoke is produced

• Some coal contains significant amounts of sulfur
  which later changes to sulfur dioxide and
  eventually sulfuric acid
• During wartime, for maximum efficiency,
  coal-fired power stations must be big becoming a
  desirable target for enemy attack

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Oil

• Oil is a non renewable energy source.
• Oil was formed from tiny sea plants and animals
  that died and were buried on the ocean floor.
• Over time, they were covered by layers of silt
  and sand.
• The enormous heat and pressure turned them into
  oil and gas.
• Over 1/4 of crude oil produced in the U.S. is
  produced offshore in the gulf of Mexico.
• The amount of crude-oil produced in the U.S. has
  become smaller each year but the products made
  from crude oil has grown making it necessary to
  bring more oil from other countries.
• About 59.5 of the crude oil and petroleum
  products used in the U.S. come from other
  countries.

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Continued History

• Crude oil is a yellow to black liquid that is
  usually found in underground reservoirs.
• Scientists and engineers explore a chosen area by
  studying rock samples from the earth.
• After measurements are taken the drilling
  begins.
• Above the hole a structure called a derrick is
  built to house the tools and pipes going into the
  wells.
• When finished, the drilled well will bring a
  steady flow of oil to the surface.

http//www.northstarenergyinc.com/images/uploads/D
avis5CrudeOil.jpg
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Top Crude Oil Producers

• Top crude oil
• producing states are
• 1) Texas
• 2) Alaska
• 3) California
• 4) Louisiana
• 5) Oklahoma

• The worlds top crude oil
• producing countries are
• 1) Saudi Arabia
• 2) Russia
• 3) United States
• 4) Iran
• 5) China

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Top Producing States
www. eia. doe. gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/
non-renewable/oil. Html
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Oil
http//www.mbendi.co.za/PICS/graphs/gloconprores.g
if
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Oil uses

• The Chinese constructed extensive bamboo
  pipelines drawing from the wells in order to
  transport oil and natural gas, which was used for
  lighting.
• The Romans used flaming containers of oil as
  weapons of war.
• During the 13th century in the Persia inhabitants
  dug shallow pits to facilitate the collecting of
  oil. They are considered primitive oil wells
• In 1650, Romania was the site of Europe's first
  commercial oil reservoir.
• More than 200 years later, Romania became the
  site of the world's first oil refinery
• Electricity can be generated from the combustion
  of oils through a steam-powered generator.

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Oil uses continued

• Oils are used as fuels for heating, lighting
  (e.g. kerosene lamp), and powering combustion
  engines
• Many oils have higher boiling points than water
  and are electrical insulators, making them useful
  for liquid cooling systems, especially where
  electricity is used.
• Due to their non-polarity, oils do not easily
  adhere to other substances making oil useful as
  lubricant for various engineering purposes.
• Mineral oils are more suitable than biological
  oils, which degrade rapidly in most environmental
  conditions.
• Crude oil can be processed into plastics and
  other substances.

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Advantages

• Oil helps us fuel our airplanes, cars, trucks,
  boats, and heat our homes
• It also helps make products like medicines and
  plastics
• Products that are made from petroleum include
  ink, crayons, bubble gum, dishwashing liquids,
  deodorant, eye glasses, records, tires, ammonia,
  heart valves

• Over the years, new technologies and laws have
  helped reduce problems related to petroleum
  products.
• Oil is very important to our economy.
• It currently supplies more that 40 of our total
  energy demands and more that 90 of the fuel we
  use in our cars and trucks.

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Disadvantages

• Dependence on the middle east for oil
• When petroleum products are burned as fuel, they
  give off carbon dioxide, a gas linked to global
  warming

• Finding, producing, moving, and using it causes
  problems for our environment including air and
  water pollution
• Drilling for oil may disturb land and ocean
  habitats
• Oil spills, harmful to aquatic wildlife, usually
  come from ships or from leaks that happen when we
  use petroleum products on land and get washed up
  into the ocean

http//www.uwm.edu/kjoboyle/images/global-warmin
g.jpg
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Nuclear PowerHistory

• In 1789 Uranium was discovered by Martin
  Klaproth.
• Nuclear fission first deliberately created in
  1932 and studied by Ernico Fermi but results were
  improperly interpreted.
• When results published numerous scientists around
  the world began the study of nuclear fission.
• Nuclear powers provides approximately 11 of the
  worlds power sources.
• Nuclear power was created using nuclear fission,
  which was accomplished by the bombardment of
  atoms in the nucleus of Uranium, by neutrons.

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Continued History

• Most advancements in the study of nuclear fission
  happened in 1939 through 1946.
• In 1954 the worlds first power plant was opened
  in the USSR.
• In light of the new discoveries in nuclear
  technology, the worlds scientists gathered at
  the Geneva Conference held in 1955.

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Uses

• The uses of nuclear resources have not greatly
  changed over the year.
• Nuclear resources have been used as a source of
  power in many countries to fuel electricity and
  power plants.
• In the 1950s nuclear resources were used to
  create nuclear reactors and nuclear power plants
  where nuclear weapons were created.

http//home.clara.net/darvill/altenerg/nuclear.htm
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Countries Their Plants
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageNuclear_power_s
tations.png
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Advantages

• Nuclear powers use non- expensive materials to
  create environmentally safe energy
• Large amounts of reliable energy is produced
  using little fuel and produces very little waste
• Allows for decrease in use of the worlds other
  natural resources

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Disadvantages

• Uranium is a non renewable resource
• The waste that is produced is very toxic and must
  be disposed of properly
• Nuclear meltdowns and other disasters involving
  nuclear plants can lead to devastating effects on
  surrounding communities

• Allows for countries to create weapons of mass
  destruction

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Renewable Sources
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
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Solar Energy

• Solar energy is a practical alternative source.
• The sun provides a sufficient amount of energy.
• Due to our interchangeable weather, the intensity
  of the sun varies from moment to moment.
• Solar energy is the conversion of sunlight into
  electricity.
• This can be done either through the photovoltaic
  effect or by heating a transfer fluid to produce
  steam to run a generator.

• Solar photovoltaics provided 0.04 of the world's
  energy usage in 2004.

Photovoltaic Power Plant
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
28
Wind Energy

• Wind power is the fastest growing of the
  renewable energy technologies.
• It currently provides less than 0.5 of global
  energy.
• The wind strength near the Earths surface vary
  meaning that wind is not a guaranteed continuous
  power.
• Wind power does not create greenhouse gases such
  as carbon dioxide and methane.

• Wind resources are more powerful offshore
  because winds are about 90 faster than on land.

Offshore wind turbines near Copenhagen
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
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Water Power

• Energy in water can be harnessed and used.
• Since water is about 800 times denser than air,
  even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate
  sea swell, can yield considerable amounts of
  energy.
• Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power
  installations that can produce up to 100 kW of
  power.
• They are often used in water rich areas.
• There are many of these installations around the
  world, including several delivering around 50 kW
  in the Solomon Islands.
• Hydroelectricity now provides up to 19 of
  energy.
•  

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Biofuel

• Biofuel is produced by Biomass.
• Biomass is produced from plants after
  photosynthesis.
• Biomass can be used directly as fuel or it can be
  made into biofuel.
• Liquid biofuel is a bioalcohol such as ethanol
  fuel.
• It is also a bio-oil such as biodiesel and
  straight vegetable oil.
• Biodiesel can be used in modern diesel vehicles
  with very little change to the engine.
• It can be made from waste, virgin vegetable oil
  and animal oil and fats.
• Virgin vegetable oils can be used in modified
  diesel engines.
• It is considered expensive to convert engines to
  be able to run on vegetable oils.

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Ethanol Fuel

• Ethanol fuel is produced from sugar cane.
• Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy
  program involving ethanol.
• Ethanol provides 18 of Brazils fuel for
  automobiles.
• Ford, Chrysler and GM are selling cars that can
  run on fuel that is mixed with gasoline and
  ethanol.
• The Energy Policy Act of 2005, which calls for
  7.5 billion gallons of biofuels to be used
  annually by 2012, will also help to expand the
  market.

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Works Cited

• Slides 3-10
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal
• http//www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/coa
  l/coal_history.html
• http//www.teachcoal.org/aboutcoal/articles/coalpp
  f.html
• http//www.geocities.com/daveclarkecb/ElecGenProsC
  ons.htmlCoal
• http//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_pros_and_co
  ns_of_using_coal
• http//fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/c
  oal/coal_history.html
• http//www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?P
  ageID107
• http//www.planete-energies.com/content/coal/futur
  e.html
• Slides 11-19
• www. energy. gov/ energy sources/oil. html
• www. eia. doe. gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/
  non-renewable/oil. Html
• http//en. Wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil

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cites continued

• Slides 20-25
• http//www.uic.com.au/nip50.htm
• http//home.clara.net/darvill/altenerg/nuclear.htm
  
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerHistory
  
• Slides 26-31
• http//www.envocare.co.uk/alternative_energy.ht
• http//www.envocare.co.uk/solar_energy.htm 
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
• http//www.envocare.co.uk/alternative_energy.htmb
  iofuels