Digital Radiography

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Digital Radiography PACS

• - Nag Nath
• 
  P.K.Popli
• 
  R.S.Kapoor

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The Advantages-

• Minimal Space demand.
• Reduces radiation dose.
• Facility of post-processing.
• Simultaneous availability of image.
• Cost savings.
• Enhanced teaching and research opportunity.

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How can it reduce radiation dose ?

• Decreased rate of repeat. (post processing)
• Wide latitude of CCD.

• Increased tube life

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Cost savings-

• Elimination of films.
• Elimination of chemical and processors.
• Reduction in maintenance cost.
• Less requirement of staff.
• Reduction in space.

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Conventional film Vs CCD
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Conventional film Vs CCD
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Reporting on monitor, how reliable it is?

• Monitor luminance- 200 to 800 cd/m².
• View box luminance- 2000 cd/m².
• Hard copy image have fixed gray scale and
  relatively limited dynamic range.
• Monitor have the option of changing window and
  level in real time and therefore getting access
  to the higher contrast resolution.

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Reporting on monitor, how reliable it is?

• The printed radiographic film is typically
  associated with a pixel array of about
  4,000 5,000 for a 35cm 43cm.
• For monitor with 30cm 36cm size 2,500
  3,000 pixel is sufficient and combined with a
  regional zoom function provides a magnificent
  appreciation of image.

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Requirements fulfilled by PACS-

• Images must be acquired reliably and at high
  speed.
• System network must be able to handle the
  heaviest anticipated work load.
• Network must be expandable for recent
  development.
• Must follow DICOM standards.

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Components installed in PACS-

• RAID (redundant arrays of inexpensive discs) and
  RAID server.
• Deep archive and deep archive server.
• Patient data base server.
• Work list generator.
• RIS interface.
• Image distribution cluster server.

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Challenges-

• Initial high equipment cost.
• Massive data storage requirements of radiographic
  images.
• Physician radiologist reluctance to interpret
  from monitor.
• Staff resistance.
• Security.
• System crash.

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Manipulation display
Imaging device
Voice
Work station
RIS
HIS

• Data base management system

Non local communication
Long term archive
Hard copy
Remote
Tele radiology
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Why India needs it-

• Lower cost.
• Less time per patient.
• High through put.
• Better environment for medical research.
• A step ahead towards globalization.
• Future compulsion.

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Thank you.