Title: The Orbit
1The Orbit Its Contents
2The Bony Orbit
- Lateral Wall
- zygoma
- frontal (zygomatic process)
- sphenoid (greater wing)
- Roof
- frontal
- sphenoid (lesser wing)
- Medial Wall
- maxilla (frontal process)
- lacrimal
- ethmoid (lamina papyraceae)
- sphenoid (lesser wing)
- palatine (orbital plate)
- Floor
- maxilla
- zygoma
- palatine
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4Foramen and Fisssures
- Lateral
- Zygomatico-orbital foramen
- Roof
- supraorbital notch (foramen)
- Posterior
- optic canal
- superior orbital fissure
5Foramen and Fissures (cont)
- Medial
- anterior ethmoid foramen
- posterior ethmoid foramen
- nasolacrimal canal
- Floor
- inferior orbital fissure
- infraorbital canal
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9Contents of the Orbit
- Globe of the Eye and the attached Optic Nerve
- Extraocular Muscles (move the globe)
- levator palpebre (elevates upper eyelid)
- superior rectus
- superior oblique
- medial rectus
- inferior rectus
- lateral rectus
- inferior oblique
- Lacrimal Gland
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12Structures of the Eye
- Globe is a multilayer structure supported by
connective tissue and small muscles. - Consists of Three Layers
- Outer Layer (Sclera) collagenous and mostly
avascular and acellular. Tough yet thin ( 1mm). - Provides attachment for muscles.
- Perforated by the optic nerve and opthalamic
vessels.
- Cornea the anterior clear portion of the
sclera. Its stroma is sandwiched in between an
outer epithelial layer and an inner endothelial
layer. Contains few cells and no blood vessels. - Protects inner eye
- Refracts light into the eye.
- Surface innervated by V1.
- Receives nourishment from tears and aqueous
humor. Consistently pumps fluid into aqueous
humor.
13Structures of the Eye
- Iris consists of connective tissue, muscle and
pigment. It controls light entry onto retina. - Dilation sympathetic control
- Constriction parasympathetic control
- Pigment controls intra- ocular light scatter.
- Ciliary Body unites the Iris with the choroid.
Makes aqueous humor and anchors the lens. Ciliary
muscles control the lens thickness. - Vitreous 90 water with collagen fibrils and
hyaluronic acid, has a gel-like consistency.
Degenerates with increased age.
- Middle Layer (Choroid) consists of blood
vessels, connective tissue and pigmented cells.
Provides nutrients and oxygen to outer retinal
surface. - Inner Layer (Retina) converts focused light
into nerve impulses. Light has to pass into the
inner retina to reach photoreceptors (Rods and
Cones). - Other areas
- Uvea consists of the iris , ciliary body and
choroid
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15Extra-Ocular Muscles
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22Actions of Extraoccular Muscles
Muscle Origin Insertion
Action Innervation Levator
Tendinous Skin of elevate upper
III Palpebre Ring upper
eyelid eylid Superior Tendinous
Superior Portion Rotate Globe Rectus
Ring Sclerocorneal Superiorly
III
Junction (SCJ) Medial Tendinous
Medial Portion Rotate Globe Rectus
Ring SCJ
Medially III Inferior
Tendinous Inferior Portion Rotate
Globe Rectus Ring SCJ
Inferiorly III
23Muscle Origin Insertion
Action Innervation Lateral Tendinous
Lateral Portion Rotate Globe Rectus
Ring SCJ
Laterally VI Superior
Tendinous Posterior to Rotate
Globe Oblique Ring Superior
Portion Down and Out IV
SCJ Inferior
Maxilla of Posterior to Rotate
Globe Oblique Orbital Floor Superior
Portion Up and Out III
SCJ Movement of the
globe of the eye envolves the synergistic
activity of all extraoccular muscles and is a
bilateral process.
24Cranial Nerves in the Orbit
- II Optic (SSA)
- III Occulomotor
- GSE Components
- GSA Components
- GVE Components
- IV Trochlear
- GSE Components
- GSA Components
- V Trigeminal
- Ophthalmic br.s
- Frontal
- Lacrimal
- Nasociliary
- GSA Components
- Maxillary br.s
- Zygomatic
- Infraorbital
- GSA Components
- VI Abducens
- GSE Components
- GSA Components
- VII Facial
- GVE Components
25Vascular Structures in the Orbit
- Arteries
- Branches of Internal Carotid A.
- Central Retinal A.
- Ophthalmic A.
- Supraorbital br.
- Lacrimal br.
- Veins
- Ophthalmic Veins
- Superior
- Inferior
- can drain into cavernous sinus and receive
drainage from facial vein.
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36The Ear
37Regions of the Ear
- External Ear
- Auricle
- helix
- anti-helix
- tragus
- External Acoustic Meatus
- Tympanic Membrane
- Middle Ear
- ear ossicles (malleus , incus stapes)
- Muscles
- tensor tympani
- stapedius
- Oval Window
- Inner Ear
- Cochlear Apparatus
- Vestibular Apparatus
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39The Boundaries of the Ear
The bony boundries of the ear are located within
the temporal bone . There are several openings
in the temporal bone which support or transport
structures into this region. -
External Acoustic Meatus - supports the tympanic
membrane. - Internal Acoustic Meatus -
transports the cranial nerves VII
VIII. - Stylomatastoid Foramen - transports the
Facial
Nerve proper. - Petrotympanic
Fissure - transports Chorda Tympanic
branch of
VII. -Tympanomastoid Fissure transports
auricular branch of X.
40Oval Window - supports the membrane over the
opening to the scala
vestibuli. Round Window - supports the membrane
over the opening
from the scala tympani. Tympanic Canaliculus -
transports the tympanic
branch of IX. Cochlear
Canaliculus - transports perilymph from
the labyrinth to the
subarachnoid space. Auditory (Eustschian) Tube -
interconnects the nasal
pharynx with the middle ear.
41Nerves which Pass through or to the Regions of
the Ear
- Trigeminal V
- Nerve to Tensor Tympani m. (SVE)
- Auriculotemporal (GSA) - sensory to external
acoustic region. - Glossopharyngeal IX
- Tympanic Br. (GSA)
- Lesser Petrosal (GVE)
- Vagus X Auricular Br. (GSA)
- Facial VII
- Facial N. Proper (SVE, GSA)
- Chorda Tympani (GVE SVA)
- Greater Petrosal (GVE SVA)
- Vestibulochoclear VIII (to the organs of hearing
and equilibrium)
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44Structures of the Auditory System
- External Ear consists of the auricle and the
external acoustic canal. - Functions like an antenna, funneling sound waves
toward the tympanic membrane. - Middle Ear consists of the tympanic membrane,
the ear ossicles and the oval window. - Functions to amplify ( 20X)
- Tensor Tympani muscle which connects to malleus
and Stapedius muscle which connects to stapes
help to control extraneous sound vibrations (
inervated by trigeminal and facial nerves
respectively).
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49Structures of the Auditory System
- Inner Ear also provides some amplification but
is most concerned with reception and transmission
of sound. - Sound vibrations are transmitted from the stapes
through the oval window to the scala vestibuli. - The scala vestibuli is a perilymph filled channel
in the cochlea which transmits sound waves
through a small slit, the helicotrema, to the
scala tympani. - The scala tympani transmits sound out the round
window back into the middle ear. - Between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani
is the scala media, also known as, the cochlear
duct. The cochlear duct contains the sensory
receptive layer for sound, the Organ of Corti.
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