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Biofuel Fact or Farce
HINNER KÖSTER (Ph.D.)
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Cellulosic Conversion ??

• Fiber to cellulosic ethanol??

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More worries about food versus fuel

• Boosting U.S. ethanol production would mean
  higher food prices, both domestically and across
  the globe
• Dick Bond, Tyson CEO

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USA Ethanol outlook
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(25 in 2007/08)
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(Reach level in 2009/10)
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New projections baseline increase
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CBOT MARCH MAIZE PRICE
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USA DDGS Production Outlook
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USA potential DDGS exports
Source The ProExporter Network
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Relationship between US Maize and DDGS
prices Source CARD, Iowa State University
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DDGS Usage - All used by livestock (nothing
wasted)

• Swine - 8.7 million tons
• Poultry - 6.9 million tons
• Dairy - 16 million tons
• Beef - 39 million tons
• Total - 70.6 million tons

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BIOFUELS SA

• Biofuels provide us with a historic chance to
  fast-forward growth in many of the worlds
  poorest countries, to bring about an agricultural
  renaissance and to supply modern energy to a
  third of the worlds population
• Jacques Diouf, Director General UN Food and
  Agricultural Organisation

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BIOFUELS SA

• LEGISLATION IS THE KEY TO BIOFUEL PRODUCTION IN
  SOUTH AFRICA
• NO LIKELY DIRECTION IN THE SHORT TERM
• COMPETITION WITH FOOD?
• ECONOMIC VIABILITY?
• HEALTH/ENVIRONMENTAL/ECOLOGICAL AFFECT?
• JOB CREATION, SMALL SCALE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT,
  2ND ECONOMY, POVERTY ALLEVIATION?
• CONTRIBUTING TO NATIONAL FUEL SECURITY?
• PRICE, VOLUMES

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Maize-to-Ethanol Total Supply Chain Cost
Comparison (Source Absa Agribusiness / Agrista)
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SOUTH AFRICAN MAIZE CONSUMPTION
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Impact of Maize Price on Planting
Behaviour Source Safex, Crop Estimates Committee
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YELLOW MAIZE PRICES RANDFONTEIN
Source Grain SA
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Futures prices/Termynpryse (2008/02/15) Futures prices/Termynpryse (2008/02/15) Futures prices/Termynpryse (2008/02/15) Futures prices/Termynpryse (2008/02/15) Futures prices/Termynpryse (2008/02/15)
Commodity 2008/03 2008/05 2008/07 2008/09 2008/12
White maize R1736.00/t R1655.00/t R1598.00/t R1630.00/t R1679.00/t
Yellow maize R1803.00/t R1706.00/t R1673.00/t R1717.00/t R1728.00/t
1. DOMESTIC PRICES PER SAFEX (R/t) (a) 1. PLAASLIKE PRYSE VOLGENS SAFEX (R/t) (a)
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Ethanol to DDGS
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Nutritional Components of Yellow Maize (DM base)
Starch 72.6 Maize Oil 4.3 Protein 9.8 NDF
9.0 Minerals 1.6
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Average Yield of Maize in Dry-Milling Ethanol
Production

• Ethanol (40)
• DDGS (30)
• CO2 (30)

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Ethanol Production(Fermentation process)
CO2
CDS
WDG
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Nutritional Characteristics of Distillers Grains

• Low in starch
• Moderate in fat
• Moderate in protein
• High in fiber
• High in phosphorous

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Byproduct composition (DM)
DM CP NDF Fat

• Maize 85-90 8-10 7-10 3.5-4.0
• DDGS 85-90 28-35 35-43 10-12
• WDGS 30-35 28-35 35-43 10-12
• ModDG 42-50 28-35 35-43 10-12
• CDS 25-35 20-25 gt5 20-25
• Fat level variable 8-14
• dependent on solubles amount
• S level important to watch
• P in DGS 0.75-1.0 P

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Problem 1 Lysine and Methionine content of DGS vs
other protein ingredients
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Problem 2 Nutrient Variation-Statistics for
range of DDGS samples analysed by NIR-

• Parameter Range Samples R2 SECV
• Moisture 2.8 16.9 303
  0.981 0.57
• Protein 23.4 38.5 311
  0.987 0.53
• Fat 6.6 12.6 124
  0.913 0.40
• Ash 3.0 6.7 126
  0.828 0.39
• ADF 9.9 13.9 34
  N/A 0.65
• NDF 28.3 32.3 34
  N/A 0.81
• Crude Fiber 5.4 8.2 34
  N/A 0.54
• Starch 6.5 9.5 104
  0.653 0.46

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Comparison of the Nutrient Content of Maize
Distillers Grains and Maize Condensed
Distillers Solubles
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Nutrient composition and protein digestibility of
DDGS based on solubles level

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  Solubles levela, of DDGS mix (DM)
• Item 0 5.4 14.5
  19.1 22.1
• DM, 95.5 92.1 90.8 89.3
  89.6
• CP, 32.1 31.9 31.5
  30.7 30.9
• Fat, 6.9 8.9 10.4
  12.7 13.3
• NDF, 36.8 34.9 31.9 30.3
  29.3
• CP Digestibilityb 97.2 97.4 97.9 97.9
  97.9
• a Solubles level calculated using NDF of
  solubles (2.3) and 0 solubles DDG
• b In situ total-tract protein digestibility

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Nutrient Composition of DDGS8 Ethanol plants
sampled (5MN, 2SD, 1NE)

• Item NRC Mean
  Range
• Crude Prot. 27 - 33 30.1 26 - 36
• EE 7 13 10.5 4 - 19
• NDF 31 47 48.8 39
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• S.R. Harty, J-M Akayezu, JgtGgt Linn and J.M.
  Cassady 1998

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Which DDGS has the best Quality?
Not all DDGS are created equal
A
B
C
Nutrition
Particle size
Color
Flowability
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DDGS Varies in Nutrient Content and
Digestibility, Color, and Particle Size Among USA
Sources
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Protein Characteristics of DDGS8 Ethanol plants
sampled (5 MN, 2 SD, 1 NE)

• Item NRC Mean Range
• Crude Prot. 27 33 30.1
  26 36
• 
  -------- of CP-------
• Soluble CP ----
  9.7 1 22
• ADICP 10 23
  8.0 1 19
• RUP 42 51
  53.4 41 68
• 
  ------- of RUP-------
• RUP Dig. 80
  82.2 72 94

S.R. Harty, J-M Akayezn, J.G. Linn and J.M.
Cassady, 1998
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Total and digestible Lysine composition () and
the color of 8 DDGS samples (as-fed basis) (JAPR
Research report)

• Color1
  Digestible Lys
• Sample L b a
  ()
• 1 62.9 28.4
  7.6 0.66
• 2 61.5 26.6
  6.1 0.64
• 3 57.4 21.3
  5.8 0.61
• 4 57.5 20.5
  6.9 0.59
• 5 51.2 13.9
  5.7 0.52
• 6 49.5 11.2
  4.1 0.47
• 7 48.0 8.82
  4.3 0.37
• 8 47.9 9.3
  4.4 0.18

Color lightness (L), redness (a), and
yellowness (b) measured with Minolta Chroma
Meter CR-300
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ADIN NDF Starch CP DM DM
ADIN NDF Starch CP DM DM
DDGS LOW DDGS AVE DDGS HIGH
30 17 9
45 42 39
3 5 7
DDGS LOW DDGS AVE DDGS HIGH
30 17 9
45 42 39
3 5 7
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ADIN NDF Starch CP DM DM
ADIN NDF Starch CP DM DM
ADIN NDF Starch CP DM DM
ADIN NDF Starch CP DM DM
DDGS LOW DDGS AVE DDGS HIGH
30 17 9
45 42 39
3 5 7
DDGS LOW DDGS AVE DDGS HIGH
30 17 9
45 42 39
3 5 7
DDGS LOW DDGS AVE DDGS HIGH
30 17 9
45 42 39
3 5 7
DDGS LOW DDGS AVE DDGS HIGH
30 17 9
45 42 39
3 5 7
Wheat Bran R1500/ton DDGS/Chop R1700/ton
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ADIN NDF Starch CP DM DM
DDGS LOW DDGS AVE DDGS HIGH
30 17 9
45 42 39
3 5 7
Wheat Bran R1500/ton DDGS/Chop R1700/ton
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ADIN NDF Starch CP DM DM
DDGS LOW DDGS AVE DDGS HIGH
30 17 9
45 42 39
3 5 7
Wheat Bran R1500/ton DDGS/Chop R1700/ton
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ADIN NDF Starch CP DM DM
DDGS LOW DDGS AVE DDGS HIGH
30 17 9
45 42 39
3 5 7
Wheat Bran R1500/ton DDGS/Chop R1700/ton
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ADIN NDF Starch CP DM DM
DDGS LOW DDGS AVE DDGS HIGH
30 17 9
45 42 39
3 5 7
Wheat Bran R1500/ton DDGS/Chop R1700/ton
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DGS in Feedlots
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INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGYSelf sustaining closed loop
system environmentally friendly
Waste Management
Beef and Manure production
Ethanol and DGS Production
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DGS use in feedlots

• Inclusion lt 15 (0.9-1.4 kg) protein
• Inclusion gt 15 (1.8 kg) energy

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Studies Used - WDGS
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Average Daily Gain
ADG, lb
WDGS (DM basis)
Linear P lt 0.01
Quadratic P lt 0.01
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Feed Conversion
FG
WDGS (DM basis)
Linear P lt 0.01
Quadratic P 0.09
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Feeding Value of WDGS
Predicted Values
WDGS Level
FV Corn
10
145
Feeding Value ( of maize)
20
142
30
137
40
131
126
50
WDGS (DM basis)

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Studies Used - DDGS
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Average Daily Gain
ADG, lb
DDGS (DM basis)
Linear P lt 0.01
Quadratic P lt 0.01
Cubic P 0.54
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Feed Conversion
FG
DDGS (DM basis)
Linear P 0.07
Quadratic P 0.02
Cubic P 0.97
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Feeding Value of DDGS
Predicted Values
DDGS Level
FV Corn
10
153
Feeding Value ( of maize)
20
123
30
107
40
100
DDGS (DM basis)

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Relationship between US Maize and DDGS
prices Source CARD, Iowa State University
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Feeding value of wet vs. dry distillers grains
(Ham et al., 1995)

• WDGS DDGS
• Control Lowa
  Mediuma Higha
• Daily feed, kg 11.0bc 10.7b
  11.5c 11.3cd 11.8d
• Daily gain, kg 1.47b 1.68c
  1.66c 1.68c 1.71c
• Feed/gain 7.69b 6.33c
  6.94d 6.76d 6.90d
• Improvement (vs Control),
• Diet --
  21.5 .11.9 (avg.)..
• Distillers vs. Maize -- 53.8
  .29.8
• aLevel of ADIN, 9.7, 17.5 and 28.8.
• b,c,d Means in same row with different
  superscripts differ (Plt0.05)

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Wet Byproducts for Cattle

• Cost of transporting water
• Superior Feeding Value

Dry Byproducts for Cattle

• Storage
• Transport over long distance

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In Summary

• Ethanol industry has major influence on overall
  global agricultural economy
• USA exports of DDGS are rapidly increasing as end
  users better understand the use of DDGS in their
  feeding operations
• Ethanol production process is not an exact
  science, there will be variability
• Variability can (should) be managed and evaluated
• Quality control measures can be implemented to
  ensure a reliable supply of quality DDGS
• Need industry standardized and quick testing of
  DDGS
• Match your needs with DDGS quality

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In Summary

• DGS low in starch
• Reduces potential of acidosis
• Highly digestible fibre (40-45 NDF) and yeast
  cells (3-5)
• Stimulate rumen fibre digestion
• Compliment high starch maize diets
• When fed at limited levels (lt40)
• Energy content 120-130 of maize
• Reasonable source of undegradable protein (UDP)
  source
• UDP quality and bioavailability could be a
  problem
• Feedlot cattle find DDGS very palatable

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Thank You