Macromolecules

1
Macromolecules

• HW pg 54 1-10, 15-17, 22
• Pg 48 1-3
• Read 58-76

2
Test Review

• Test corrections
• Only available for scores below the all-class
  average. (below 54/100)
• Points only awarded to fully re-answered tests
• Raises score to maximum of the class average.
  (54/100)

3
Macromolecules

• A macromolecule is a polymer of high molecular
  weight.
• A polymer is a compound made mostly of repeating
  units.
• There are 4 main forms of solid organic matter in
  living cells
• Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and
  lipids.

4
Proteins

• More than ½ of the dry weight of a human body is
  made of proteins.
• Polymers of amino acids
• Serve many roles catalysts, enzymes, structural
  elements, signal receptors, and transporters.

5
Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic Acids are DNA and RNA.
• DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid. ? controller
• RNA Ribonucleic Acid. ? builder
• Polymers of nucleotides.
• Store and transmit genetic information
• Some RNA serve as structural complexes (ribosomes)

6
Polysaccharides

• Mainly carbohydrates
• Includes sugars, starches, and cellulose.
• Serves as energy-yielding fuel stores and
  extra-cellular structural elements.
• Monosaccharides and Disaccharides are called
  simple sugars
• Starch and glycogen are common polysaccharides.

7
Lipids

• Greasy or Oily hydrocarbon derivatives
• Includes fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and
  steroids.
• Structural components of membranes, energy-rich
  fuel storage, pigments, insulation, and
  intracellular signals.
• Comes from converted carbohydrates.

8
Osmosis

• Osmosis is the water movement across a
  semi-permeable membrane driven by osmotic
  pressure.
• isotonic solutions of equal osmolarity
• Hypertonic water moves outside, cells shrink.
• Hypotonic water moves inside, cells swell.
• Cells are naturally hypotonic due to the large
  concentration of biomolecules and ions inside.

9
Active vs Passive

• Passive transport- moving of ions and nutrients
  using naturally occurring processes such as
  osmosis.
• Active transport- requires ATP to move ions,
  nutrients, or water against a gradient.
• Exocytosis-bulk movement of molecules out
• Endocytosis-bulk movement of molecules in