Objectivism Overview

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Objectivism Overview

• ISTC 301/501
• Justin Jones, Dalia T., Tim Freeze, Laura Sweeney

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Umbrella Definition of Objectivism

• Knowledge has a separate, real existence of its
  own outside the human mind.
• Learning happens when this knowledge is
  transmitted to people and they store it in their
  minds.

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Summary of Underlying Theories
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Information - Processing

• Theory Definition
• Processes inside the brain that
  allow humans to store or process information.
• Based on a model of memory and storage that was
  proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin who said that
  the brain has 3 kinds of memory or stores to
  process information

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Sensory Register

• Sensory Registers receive information a person
  senses through their eyes, ears, nose, mouth or
  hands. After a second, this information is either
  lost or transferred to the STM (Short term
  Memory)?

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Short Term Memory

• This memory is sometimes called the working
  memory.
• It holds the information for 5 20 seconds.
• It is lost unless it is practiced or processed in
  a way that transfers it to the Long Term Memory.

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Long Term Memory

• Can hold information indefinitely.
• In order for new information to be transferred,
  the information must be linked in some way to
  prior knowledge that is stored there.

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Common Teaching Practices

• 1. Ask interesting questions and eye-catching
  material to get the student to pay attention to a
  new topic.
• 2. Teach new information that links with current
  knowledge

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Linking Theories

• This theory can be linked to Gagnes theory of
  the Bottomup approach.
• Teach basic skills first before advancing to the
  more advanced learning. An example would be that
  you first have to know how to hold and throw a
  baseball before you pitch.

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Conditions of Learning Theory

• Developed by Robert Gagne, an Educational
  Psychologist,(1916-2002)
• Hypothesized about the processes inside the
  brain that allow human beings to learn and
  remember
• Co-developed Instructional Systems Design
• Co-wrote Principles of Instructional Design
• Co-wrote The conditions of Learning

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5 Categories of learning identified by Gagne

• Verbal Information-present info grab attention
• Intellectual skills make info stick, acronyms
• Cognitive strategies create a plan, practice
• Motor skills use repetitive drills, practice
• Attitudes expect success

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Gagne identified Nine instructional events and
their corresponding cognitive processes

• 1. Gaining attention (reception)
• 2. Informing the learner of the objective
  (expectancy)
• 3. Stimulating recall of prerequisite learning
  (retrieval)
• 4. Presenting new material (selective perception)
• 5. Providing learning guidance (semantic
  encoding)
• 6. Eliciting performance (responding)
• 7. Providing feedback over correctness
  (reinforcement)
• 8. Assessing performance (retrieval)
• 9. Enhancing retention and recall
  (generalization)
• Example lesson at http//my-ecoach.com/

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Behaviorist Theory

• B.F. Skinner
• Learning comes from observing behavior.
• Operant Conditioning
• Voluntary mental control over responses
• Future actions shaped by past consequences

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Behaviorist Theory

• Contingencies of Reinforcement
• Positive and negative reinforcement- increase
  desired behaviors
• Punishment- decrease undesirable behaviors
• Mastery Learning
• Master one objective before moving on to the
  next.

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Behaviorist Theory

• Teaching Methods
• Direct instruction
• Drill and Practice
• Clear Objectives
• Use reinforcement and punishment to promote
  positive behaviors and lessen negative behaviors

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System Approaches Instructional Design Models

• Models derived from
• Robert Gagnes and Leslie Briggs educational
  theories
• Principles learned from military and industrial
  training.
• Models similar to what youd expect coming from
  industry or military.

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Example of Systems Theory
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Summation of Objectivism

• Knowledge is passed from one person to another,
  like a commodity.
• Learning happens when a teacher passes his/her
  information onto the students.
• Usually happens through direct instruction-
  lecturing, drills and route memorization.
• Ease and efficiency makes Objectivism very
  prevalent in schools.