Memory

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Memory Introduction and Application

• Three stages of processing an event
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
• Factors that can affect memory in these
• three stages
• Encoding stage factors
• Violence, Unconscious Transference, Divided
• Attention
• Storage stage factors
• Time factors
• Retrieval stage factors
• Expectations, Misremembering

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Three Steps in Processing an Important Event

• The encoding stage--perception of the original
• event

• The storage stage--time between the event
• and the recollection of a piece of information

• The retrieval stage--recall of the stored
  information

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Encoding Stage Factors
Violence

• Weapons Focus - Loftus.

• Violence towards a Child - Loftus and Burns

Unconscious Transference

• Donald Thompson - falsely accused

• Robbery in the Cafeteria - Ross and Ceci

Divided Attention
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Storage Stage Factors
Time Factors

• A Self Test

• How Long Before We Forget?-Shepherd

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Shepard Results
99.7
92
87
Recalled
57.7
2 Hrs.
3 Days
7 Days
4 Mths.
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Retrieval Stage Factors
Expectations

• Telephone game - Allport and Postman

Mis-remembering

• Mis-remembering and the
• Just Desserts Case

• Misinformation Effect - Loftus

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Three Experimental Situations in the
Misinformation Paradigm (Loftus)

• Subjects view an event

• Subjects are exposed to (misleading)
• information about the event

• Subjects recall the event to see if the
• misleading information has had an effect

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How fast were the cars going when they
each other?
Contacted
Hit
Bumped
Collided into
Smashed into
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Loftus 1 Speed estimates for the different verbs
used in the witness question
41mph
39mph
38mph
Estimated Speed
34mph
32mph
Contacted
Hit
Bumped
Smashed
Collided