Memory

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Memory
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What is Memory?

• Memory retains the things that organisms learn.
  Like perception, memory is selectivesome things
  are retained, others are not.
• Subject to error bias
• Your ability to retain info happens through 3
  processes
• Encoding
• Storing
• Retrieving

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Encoding

• Information gets represented by a code (mental
  representation) that a memory system uses.
• Automatic
• Transfer from STM to LTM w/o any effort or
  awareness
• Episodic-personal events
• Semantic-interesting facts
• Procedural-motor skills
• Effortful
• Transfer from STM to LTM through hard
  workmaintenance or elaborative rehearsal .
• AP Psych definitions

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Encoding (continued)

• Maintenance rehearsal
• Intentionally repeating info to help remain
  longer in your STM
• AP Psych Definitions
• Elaborative rehearsal
• Using meaningful associations between new info
  and old familiar info
• Chunking
• Levels of Processing Theory
• Remembering depends on how the info is
  encoding-Shallow, Deeper, Deepest

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Storing Retrieval

• STORING
• Maintenance of info over time
• Placing encoded info into relatively permanent
  storage for later recall

• RETRIEVAL
• Finding info in memory stores and bringing it to
  awareness
• Getting or recalling info thats in your short or
  long term memory

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Types of Memory

• Sensory Memory
• Short Term
• Long Term

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Sensory Memory

• Holds info only long enough for it to be
  processed and for stimulus identification to
  occur. Holds info from an instant to several
  seconds
• 1) prevents us from being overwhelmed
• 2) gives us decision time
• 3) provides playback and recognition.
• Iconic visual info for a ¼ of a sec or more
• Echoic auditory info for 1-2 seconds

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Short Term (Working) Memory

• Can hold only a limited amount of infoan average
  of seven itemsfor only a short period of time
  (2-30 seconds)
• Functions
• 1) helps build and update a working model of
  the world
• 2) stores, organizes, and integrates facts

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Working Memory (cont.)

• Maintenance Rehearsal
• Intentionally repeating info to help remain
  longer in your STM
• Interference
• New info entering STM and pushing out info that
  is in there
• Chunking
• Using what you already know (LTM) to organize
  incoming STM info

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Long Term Memory

• Process of storing almost unlimited amounts of
  info over longer periods of time. May remain
  there for a relatively permanent basis.
• Declarative-facts/events (school work)
• Semantic-facts (definitions)
• Episodic-events (prom, hs graduation, vacation,
  fav song.)
• Procedural (non-declarative)-motor skills,
  emotional behaviors learned from classical
  conditioning

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• Primacy vs. Recency
• Primacy effect refers to better recall of
  information presented at the beginning of a task
• Recency effect refers to better recall of
  information presented at the end of a task
• Primacy-Recency Effect

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Steps to Memory

• 5-LTM
• 6-Retriving

• 1-sensory info
• 2-attention
• 3-STM
• 4-encoding