Carbon A special element

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Carbon A special element

• All of lifes substances are carbon based
• Compounds that contain the element carbon
  Organic compounds
• The structure of carbon allows it to make 4
  covalent bonds with other molecules
• This makes it a GREAT
• building block!

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Carbon the Element of Life
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Carbon A special element

• It can even share 2 or 3 electrons at one time
• Double or triple bonds

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Some typical carbon compound drawings

• Carbon can form chain molecules

• Or ring structures

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Molecular Chains of Carbon

• Monomer vs. Polymer
• Whats the difference?

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Monomer to Polyomer

• AND VICE VERSA

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Condensation reaction

• Attaching parts to make a BIGGER molecule
• glucose fructose sucrose
• (mono) (mono) (di)
• A water molecule is produced

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Where did that water molecule come from?

• A bond must be broken for the 2 molecules to be
  able to link-together
• One molecule looses a OH and one looses a H H2O
• Also called dehydration synthesis

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Hydrolysis Reaction

• Breaking big molecules apart to make smaller
  molecules
• A water molecule is used to cut the big molecule
  into two
• -lysis decompose dissolve disintegrate
• Ex amylose ? many molec. of maltose
• (poly) ? many (di)

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Hydrolysis Reaction
What happens to this water molecule?
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The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

• Dehydration Synthesis removal of water which
  (creates instability of polymer and monomer ?
  bond of monomer with polymer
• Hydrolysis breaking apart of polymer using
  water (H ions)

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Molecular Chains of Carbon

• Carbon can form very long chains of molecules
  called MACROMOLECULES

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The 4 Macromolecules of Life

• 1. Lipids
• 2. Carbohydrates
• 3. Proteins
• 4. Nucleic Acids

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1. Lipids

• Fats, Phospholipids, Waxes and Steriods
• Structure consist mostly of hydrocarbons
• Contains C H O

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The facts on fats
Fats are also known as lipids.
They are very important in the makeup of the cell
membrane.
They are a stored energy source in animals.
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Are lipids Bad?

• Major function is energy storage
• Ex. Gram of fat stores more than TWICE the
  energy of a gram of carb
• Adipose tissue provides cushioning for organs and
  insulation for body
• Form Phospholipid bilayer of ALL cell membranes!
• Send messages steriod hormones
• Cholesterol in cell membranes cells wont
  freeze!!

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An important cellular lipid

• The outer membrane of all cells is made of a
• LIPID BILAYER
• Cholesterol in membrane prevents freezing!

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Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid    
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The base units of lipids
fatty acids and a glycerol
This one is called a triglyceride
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Fats -- Triglycerides

• Made of two kinds of smaller molecules glycerol
  and fatty acids (one glycerol to three fatty
  acids)
• Dehydration synthesis rxn hooks these up 4
  waters produced for every one triglyceride

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Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a
fat, or triacylglycerol
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Types of lipids
Saturated fats vs. unsaturated

• Unsaturated
• double/triple bonds
• olive oil,corn oil (usually plant fats)
• liquid room temp

• Saturated
• single bonds only
• Ex butter, steak (usually animal fats)
• solid room temp

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Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and
unsaturated fats and fatty acids 
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Characteristics of lipids

• Lipids are insoluble in water

WHY?

• lipids are nonpolar - and do not attract to polar
  water molecules

• hydrophobic

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Figure 5.11x Saturated and unsaturated fats and
fatty acids butter and oil
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2. Nucleic Acids
Function heredity (passing on traits)
They store information in a code form that is
responsible for making proteins
Found in all cells as DNA or RNA
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What is DNA and RNA?
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA- ribonucleic acid
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The elements found in nucleic acids
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus
Monomers of nucleic acids 3 basic units
phosphate, sugar and a nitrogen base
NUCLEOTIDE
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DNA the genetic code

• DNA is found in the nucleus of all cells

• DNA holds the master code for making all proteins

• DNA determines how one looks and acts

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All about RNA

• RNA is important in actually making proteins/
  protein synthesis

• RNA takes the code from DNA (in the nucleus) and
  carries outside the nucleus, where proteins are
  made