Sensory Organs:Eye and Ear

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Sensory OrgansEye and Ear

• Hacer Aynur
• 050201006

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Content Outline

• Eye Disorders
• a.Glaucoma
• b.Diabetic Retinopaty
• c.Cataract
• d.Infections
• Ear Infections
• a.Otitis Externa
• b.Otitis Media

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Eye Disorders

• Diagnosis of functional disorders of eye should
  always be carried out by a medical practioner
• Disorders of eyeglaucoma,diabetic
  retinopaty,cataract and microbial infections

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GLAUCOMA

• It is associated with increased intraocular
  pressure
• In this disease,the eye unfocused,with sharp
  distant vision and blurred near vision
• It can cause blindness if not treated

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Risk Factors

• People Over 60
• Family Members with Glaucoma
• Steroid Users
• Eye Injury
• High myopia (nearsightedness)
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Central corneal thickness

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Treatment with Drug

• The inidazole alkoloid pilocarpine obtained from
  leaf from Pilocarpus jaborandi and P.
  microphyllus
• Physostigmine obtained from calabar or ordeal
  bean (Physostigmine vennenosum)
• Dorzolamide and latanoprost
• Atropine obtained from Atropa belladona, Duboisia
  myoporoides and D.leichardtii
• Scopolamine obtained from Datura
  fastuosa,D.metel, and Brugmansia species
• Cocaine derived from Erythroxylum coca
• Apraclonidine
• dipyridamole

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Pilocarpus pennatifolius
Physostigma venenosum
Erythroxylum coca
Atropa belladona
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Phytotherapy

• Cannobinoids from marijuana (Cannabis sativa)
• Ginkgo biloba
• Salvia miltiorrhiza
• S.bowleyana
• S.przewalskii
• Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)

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DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

• damage to the blood vessels in the retina
• in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes
• Most frequent cause of blindness in United
• States among adult ages 20 to 74 years

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Treatment with Drugs

• Tetramethyl-pyramzine
• Coumarine
• Methyl tyramine
• Rescinnamine
• Apocynin
• Hesperetin
• Scoparone
• Corylifolinin
• Troxerutin

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Treatment with nutritional supplement

• Vitamin A
• Vitamin E
• Fruit with carotenoids
• Pycnogenol obtained from french maritime pine
  (Pinus maritime)
• Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)

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CATARACT

• A cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural
  lens, which lies behind the iris and the pupil
• Your vision is blurred a little, like looking
  through a cloudy piece of glass

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Treatment with nutritional supplement

• Ascorbyl palmitate
• Tocopherol
• lutein
• Quarcetin
• Tocotrienols
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin E
• Dark-green leafy (spinach)
• Cruciferous(brocoli)
• Yellow-orange fruits with carotenoids

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Phytotherapy
Hydrocotyle umbellata

• Stem and leaves of Brickellia coulteri
• Asteracea
• Cornus sericea
• Cornacea
• Hydrocotyle umbellata
• H. bonariensis(apiaceae)
• Eucalyptus deglupta
• Syzygium malaccense
• Momordica charantia
• Eugenia jambolana
• Tinospara cordifolia
• Mucuna pruriens
• CAUTIONDont use St.Johns Wort in the presence
  of light

• Eucalyptus deglupta

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INFECTIONS

• Bacterial and viral infections in eye
• -chalazia
• -blepharitis
• -dacryocystitis
• -periorbital cellulitis
• -conjunctivitis
• These are generally caused by
• -Staphylococcus aureus
• -Streptococcus pneumoniae
• -Haemophilus influenzae
• -Escherichia coli
• -Aspergillus
• -Herpes virus

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Phytotherapy

• Ophtacare is an Ayurvedic formula contains
• Carum copticum
• Terminalia belirica
• Emblica officinalis
• Curcuma longa
• Ocimum sanctum
• Cinnamomum camphora
• Rosa damascena
• Meldespumapum

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Berberis vulgaris

• Berberine is found in rhizomes,roots,stem bark
  of
• Hydrastis canadensis (golden seal)
• Coptis chinensis
• Berberis aquifolium (oregan grape)
• Berberis vulgaris (barberry)
• Berberis aristata

Hydrastis canadensis
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• Achillea spp. (yarrow)
• Argemone intermedia (prickly poppy)
• Maclura pomifera (osage orange)
• Salix spp. (willow)
• Hamamelis virginiana (witch hazel)
• Hydrastic canadensis (gldenseal)
• Heuchera spp. (alum root)
• Linum spp. (flaxseed)
• Monotropa uniflora
• Prosopis spp.
• Saponaria officinalis (soapwort)
• Euphrasia spp.

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Ear Infections

• Otitis externa (OE) is a broad term that includes
  inflammation or infection of the external
  auditory canal
• Otitis media is inflammation of middle ear cavity

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• Otitis externa is caused by
• Pseudomonas aeroginosa
• Streptococcus pyogenes
• Aspergillus
• Herpes simplex virus
• Otitis media is caused by
• Streptococcus pneumonia
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Staphylacoccus aureus
• Moraxella catarrhalis

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Treatment with drugs

• Auralgan Otic Solution(combination of antipyrine,
  benzocaine, glycerin)
• Chloramphenicol
• Fusidic acid
• Aminoglycosides
• Carboxypenicilline
• polymyxins
• Nystatin
• Azole antifungals
• Allylamines

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Phytotherapy

• Otitis media
• Otican Otic Solution containing Allivum sativum
  (garlic), Verbascum thapsus (mullein), Calendula
  flores, Lavendula angustifolia, vit E, Hypericum
  perforatum (St.John wort) in olive oil
• Humulus (hops)
• Nicotiana (tobacco)

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• Otitis externa
• Achillea millefolium (yarrow)
• Asarum canadense (wild ginger)
• Polygala alba (white milkwort)
• Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil)
• Ginkgo biloba

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Calendula
Asarum canadense
Achillea millefolium