The Ankle

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The Ankle
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Ankle Range of Motion

• Dorsiflexion
• Movement of the foot towards
  the shin
• Plantar Flexion
• Movement of the foot downward/pointing the
  toes

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• Inversion
• Turning the foot inward
• Eversion
• Turning the foot outward

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Degrees of Motion

• Dorsiflexion 20o
• Plantar Flexion 50o
• Inversion 5o
• Eversion 5o

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• The purpose of an ankle taping is to reduce ROM
  at the ankle. While taping, the athlete should
  maintain the ankle in a dorsiflexed position.

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Components of a Basic Ankle Taping

• Anchors around base of calf and midfoot
• Stirrups with horseshoes
• Figure 8s
• Heel Locks

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Skeletal Anatomy

• 26 bones
• Phalanges 14
• Metatarsals 5
• Tarsals 7
• 1. Talus
• 2. Calcaneus
• 3. Cuboid
• 4. Navicular
• 5,6,7. Cuneiforms

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• Tibia
• Distal portion is called the medial
  malleolus
• Fibula
• Distal portion is
• called the lateral malleolus

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Why is it easier to invert ankle than evert the
ankle?

• Lateral Malleolus (fibula) extends further
  distally than the medial malleolus
• Deltoid ligament is stronger than the lateral
  ankle ligaments

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Joints of the Foot and Ankle

• 1. Talocrural
• - formed between talus, fibula, and tibia
• - sight of plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
• Talocalcanealnavicular
• Subtalar
• - sight of inversion and eversion
• Tarsometatarsal
• Metatarsalphalangeal (MTP)
• Interphalangeal
• a. Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP)
• b. Disatal Interphalangeal (DIP)

subtalar
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Ankle Ligaments

• Lateral Ligaments
• 1. Anterior Talofibular Lig (ATF)
• Connects fibula to talus
• 2. Calcaneofibular Lig (CF)
• Connects fibula to calcaneus
• 3. Posterior Talofibular Lig (PTF)
• Connects fibula to talus
• 4. Anterior Tibiofibular
• Connects Tibia and Fibula

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• Medial Ankle
• 1. Deltoid Ligament
• composed of 4 parts

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Methods of Muscle Naming

• Length of Muscle
• Long Muscle- Longus
• Short Muscle- Brevis
• Relative Location of Muscle
• Anterior- towards the front
• Posterior- towards the back
• Bones acted upon
• Biceps femoris? Where is it located?

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• Number of Origins/Insertions
• Biceps- Bi- 2 Origins
• Triceps-Tri-3
• Quadriceps-Quad-4

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• General Motion
• (Extensor, Flexor), (Abductor, Adductor)
• Antagonists

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Muscles of the Foot
Extensor Muscles and Flexor muscles are
antagonists- Flexor digitorum minimi and Flexor
digitorum brevis on Plantar side Responsible for
curling toes
Extensor digitorum longus and Extensor halucis
longus on dorsal side extension of toes
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Muscles of the Lower Leg

• 4 compartments
• Anterior
• Dorsiflex foot
• Extend toes up
• Lateral
• Evert Foot
• Plantar Flexion
• Posterior
• Plantar Flexion
• Deep Posterior
• Invert Foot
• Flex toes (curl)

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Muscles of the Leg and Ankle

• Anterior Compartment
• Contains the muscles that
• 1) dorsiflex the ankle
• 2) extend the toes
• Tibialis Anterior ankle dorsiflexion and
  inversion
• Extensor Hallucis Longus extends big toe and
  dorsiflexes ankle
• Extensor Digitorum Longus extends toes 2 5
  and dorsiflexes ankle
• Peroneus Tertius (part of the Extensor Digitorum
  Longus)
• Anterior Tibial Artery
• Anterior Tibial Vein
• Anterior Tibial Nerve

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Extensor Longus Muscles
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• Lateral Compartment
• Contains muscles that perform eversion of foot
• Peroneus Longus
• ankle eversion and plantar flexion
• aka Fibularis Longus
• Peroneus Brevis
• ankle eversion and plantar flexion
• aka Fibularis Brevis
• Peroneal nerve

These muscles are on the lateral side of the leg
are posterior to the lateral malleolus. This
causes PLANTAR FLEXION.
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Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis
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• Superficial Posterior Compartment
• Contains muscles that plantar flex ankle
• Gastrocnemius powerful plantar flexor (Calf
  Muscle)
• Soleus powerful plantar flexor
• Lower and underneath the Gastrocnemius
• Both muscles share the Achilles Tendon and insert
  into the Calcaneus
• Utilize the Plantar Fascia
• Ligament

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• Deep Posterior Compartment
• muscles that perform inversion of the foot and
  flex the toes
• Flexor Hallucis Longus flexes big toe, weak
  plantar flexor
• Flexor Digitorum Longus flexes toes 2 5, and
  weak plantar flexor
• Tibialis Posterior main inverter of foot, ankle
  plantar flexion
• Posterior Tibial Artery

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No Anterior Muscles from this view