National Growing Pains

1
National Growing Pains

• Reference Chapter 7
• The American Nation
• 12th edition

2
Madison in Power

• Republicans win both houses of Congress in 1808
• James Madison becomes President in 1808
• British continued seizing American ships
• France agrees to stop seizing American ships
• British do not
• Madison threatens war against British

3
Tecumseh and Indian Resistance

• American settlers drove natives out of the Ohio
  Valley
• Tecumseh-Shawnee Chief
• He attempts to unite all tribes east of the
  Mississippi
• His brother, the Prophet, makes it a moral
  crusade
• Prophet argues for Indians to give up white ways
  and preserve their culture
• William Henry Harrison battles Tecumseh at
  Tippecanoe Tecumseh is defeated

4
Depression and Land Hunger

• Americans in the West get low prices for their
  crops
• Blame British for this because of hijacking
  American ships
• Actually, the problem was American commercial
  restrictions and transportation problems
• Some Americans wanted Canada and Florida
• Western part of Florida taken from Spain without
  opposition

5
Depression and Land Hunger continued

• Madison felt an attack on Canada would force
  Britain to respect our rights on the seas
• War Hawks-came from the West
• War Hawks-need war to defend Americas national
  honor and to force British to stop hijacking
  American ships

6
Opponents of War

• Maritime businessmen did not want war with
  Britain
• Many felt going to war with Britain would help
  Napoleon and France
• Change likely in Britain
• Council of Orders in Britain had been the act
  that directed Britain to attack American ships
• Many felt that the economic downturn in Britain
  would be blamed on loss of trade with America,
  and that Britain would change its policy soon.

7
Opponents of War continued

• The British government did begin to repeal the
  Orders in Council that ordered British ships to
  attack American ships on the sea
• However, Congress had already declared war on
  Britain in 1812
• America was once again at war with Britain

8
The War of 1812

• Poorly planned and poorly managed war
• U.S. Navy really could not challenge Britains
  navy
• America invaded Canada, but it failed because of
  poor leadership and the fact that some Americans
  did not want to leave American soil to fight
• Captain Oliver Hazzard Perry defeats British
  fleet and gained control of Lake Erie.
• William H. Harrison defeated British at Thames
  River

9
War of 1812 continued

• Americans try to take Canada again
• Second invasion of Canada fails
• British take Fort Niagara from America
• British take over Buffalo and burn it

10
Britain assumes the Offensive

• British occupied with France at first
• After France defeated in 1814, they turn more
  attention to the war with America
• Took Washington and burned the White House
• This was their only success
• They then turn to go up the Chesapeake, but are
  stopped at Baltimore by Americans

11
The Star Spangled Banner

• Francis Scott Key
• Fort McHenry
• He was held prisoner on a British ship
• Saw American flag flying over the fort the next
  morning
• Wrote song
• Burning of Washington rallies many Americans
  they enlist to fight
• Americans halt British by defeating them at
  Plattsburg

12
The Treaty of Ghent

• 1814-British and Americans meet at Ghent to
  discuss terms for peace
• British prolonged negotiations in hopes of
  winning an offensive to boost their chances
• Defeated at Plattsburg
• Agreed to American demands
• Signed Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814

13
The Hartford Convention

• Federalist had already met to protest war and
  call for a new constitutional convention before
  they heard news of the Treaty of Ghent
• Federalist opposition made them unpopular
• Hartford Convention
• Controlled by moderate Federalists
• Wanted to add amendments to Constitution
• When America won the war, Federalists were
  totally discredited

14
The Battle of New Orleans

• News of peace treaty failed to reach New Orleans
  in time to prevent battle
• Andrew Jackson commands the American army
• British are defeated by Jackson and the Americans
  
• Jackson becomes a national hero

15
Victory weakens the Federalists

• American victory convinces Europe that America
  and its republican form of government were here
  to stay
• Few lives lost and very little money spent
• Native Americans lose ground during war
• Federalists discredited by American victory
• Threats to U.S. ended
• Commerce revived, and immigration to U.S. resumed

16
Anglo-American Rapprochement

• Britain and America agreed to several things that
  made trade more favorable between the two
• Rush-Bagot Agreement-demilitarize the Great Lakes
• Anglo-American Commission settles boundary
  dispute and designates the 49th parallel as the
  northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory
• Agree to joint control of the Oregon Territory
  for ten years

17
The Transcontinental Treaty

• Andrew Jackson is sent to Florida to battle
  Indian tribes there
• Spain is concerned about a possible American
  attack on the rest of Florida
• Spain agrees to give up all of Florida in order
  to protect the rest of its North American Empire
• Transcontinental Treaty of 1819 sets the American
  and Spanish boundaries along the Louisiana
  Territory at the Sabine, Red, and Arkansas Rivers
  and the 42nd Parallel to the Pacific
• US gets Florida for 5 million

18
The Monroe Doctrine

• James Monroe is elected president (5th) in 1816
• Monroe Doctrine The American Continents are no
  longer subjects for any new European colonial
  establishments.
• Russia agrees to abandon territorial claims along
  the 5440 parallel
• Some European powers wanted to try to restore
  Spains New World Empire that she had lost to
  revolutions and rebellions in Central and South
  America

19
The Monroe Doctrine continued

• Britain and the United States did not want to see
  Spains empire in the Americas restored.
• However, Britain had not recognized the new South
  American countries that had declared independence
  from Spain
• America had
• Monroes message to Congress in 1823 declared
  that the US would not interfere with existing
  European colonies in the New World, nor would it
  get involved in European Affairs

20
Monroe Doctrine cont

• However, Monroe added that any attempts by
  European powers to control nations in the Western
  Hemisphere that had already won their
  independence would be considered a hostile action
  toward the United States.
• Many historians consider the Monroe Doctrine the
  final stage of American independence

21
The Era of Good Feelings

• Political party bickering died down during
  Monroes presidency
• Become known as The Era of Good Feelings
• Nation was at peace and prosperous
• Some say it wasnt real peace
• Jeffersonians started to accept most of
  Hamiltons economic policies
• When political divisions began again, they arose
  from new issues, not old controversies between
  Republicans and Federalists

22
New Sectional Issues

• Depression struck the US in 1819
• This caused some to argue for protection against
  foreign goods (higher tariffs)
• Those who wanted higher tariffs were mostly small
  manufacturers, the unemployed and small farmers
• Support for tariff was strong in the North

23
New Sectional Issues

• Charter of the First Bank of the United States
  expired in 1811
• Many new state banks were created after that
• Second Bank of the United States established in
  1816
• It was poorly managed and created bad credit
• Depression of 1819 hit the national bank hard
• National Bank got stricter in response to panic
  of 1819 (Depression)
• This hurt the bank in public opinion

24
New Sectional Issues

• The Bank had loaned lots of money at one time for
  land purchase
• This helped agriculture production
• But this combined with the new boom in
  agriculture in Europe once the Napoleonic Wars
  were over created falling agriculture prices
• Many farmers faced ruin (too much debt)

25
New Sectional Issues

• Westerner wanted cheap land
• Northerners and Southerners feared this
• Slavery would become a controversial issue, but
  it had caused little strife before 1819
• Congress had abolished the slave trade in 1808
• New free and slave states were added to the union
  in equal numbers, thus keeping the balance in the
  Senate

26
New Sectional Issues

• Cotton boom led southerners to defend slavery
  even more
• This irritates many northerners
• West tended to support the Souths position
• Southwest and Northwest were supportive of
  slavery because they profited from selling good
  to southern plantations and some of the settlers
  in these areas were from the South originally

27
Northern Leaders

• New leaders emerged after the War of 1812
• John Quincy Adams of the North
• He became a Republican
• Supportive of the Louisiana Purchase
• Bitterly opposed slavery
• Daniel Webster of New England
• Opposed the Embargo Act, War of 1812, a high
  tariff, cheap land, the and Second Bank of the
  US.
• Martin Van Buren took very little bold positions
  on major issues

28
Southern Leaders

• William H. Crawford of Georgia
• US Senator and Pres. Monroes Secretary of the
  Treasury
• Savvy politician who tried to build a political
  network nationally
• John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
• Calhoun took a broad view of political affairs

29
Western Leaders

• Henry Clay of Kentucky
• Supported internal improvements and the high
  tariff
• Opposed slavery and favored colonization
• Thomas Hart Benton-championed the small farmers
• William Henry Harrison-war hero at Battle of
  Tippecanoe with Tecumseh
• Andrew Jackson-war hero from the Battle of New
  Orleans

30
The Missouri Compromise

• Missouri requests admission as a slave state
• Tallmadge Amendment-wants to prevent further
  intro of slavery in Missouri and all slaves over
  25 there would be free after it was admitted as a
  state
• Senate rejects the Tallmadge Amendment
• Northerners did not want more slave states than
  free, so they opposed Missouri coming in
• Missouri enters as a slave state, and Maine comes
  in as a free state to protect the balance
• Congress adopts a proposal to prohibit slavery in
  the Louisiana Territory north of 36/30 parallel

31
The Election of 1824

• Politics was becoming sectional
• Slavery divided the country more than anything
• Federalists had disappeared
• Jeffersonians split
• John Q. Adams/Andrew Jackson/Henry Clay
• No clear majority of electoral votes
• House of Representatives decides Clay throws his
  support behind Adams
• House chooses Adams over Jackson

32
John Quincy Adams as President

• Adams took a Hamiltonian view and sought to
  protect economic development in the nation
• Wanted to give federal aid to manufacturers and
  farmers
• These proposals did not gain support from
  Congress
• Adams did not play the political game well

33
Calhouns Exposition and Protest

• New Tariff of 1828 set high taxes on manufactured
  goods and agricultural products imported
• Calhoun of South Carolina felt this would destroy
  the South
• He wrote South Carolina Exposition and Protest
  claiming that a state could nullify an act of
  Congress

34
The Meaning of Sectionalism

• Sectional issues strained the ties between people
  of different regions of the nation
• There were some unifying factors that brought the
  nation together like patriotism and commitment to
  the the American form of government as set forth
  in the United States Constitution