Biodiesel Benefits, Issues,

1
BiodieselBenefits, Issues, Opportunities
Presentation to the Special Libraries
Association Seattle, WA June 17, 2008

• Richard Nelson
• Kansas State University
• National Biodiesel Board
• rnelson_at_ksu.edu

2
Biodiesel Defined

• Biodiesel, n. -- a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl
  esters of long chain fatty acids derived from
  vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100,
  and meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751.
• Official IRS and EPA definition goes to fuel
  quality.

3
General Concepts

• Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for
  diesel engines derived from fats and oils such as
  soybeans and animal fats.
• Biodiesel can be easily used in existing diesel
  engines with little or no modification.
• Biodiesel is not raw vegetable oil!

Biodiesel blend, n. -- a blend of biodiesel fuel
meeting ASTM D 6751 with petroleum-based diesel
fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume
percent of biodiesel.
4
Biodiesel Feedstocks

• Each biodiesel feedstock varies by its free fatty
  acid content and the different proportions of
  fatty acids found in each feedstock influence
  some biodiesel fuel properties
• Degree of saturation
• Cold flow properties
• Cetane number

5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
Biodiesel Attributes

• Integrates into existing petroleum
  infrastructure pour and go
• High Cetane (gt50 vs 42)
• High Lubricity
• 2 blend biodiesel increases lubricity by up to
  65
• BTU Content (128,000 BTU/gal vs 139,000)
• Cold Flow (3-10o F gt for soy-based B20)
• Flash Point (a minimum 260oF vs 150oF)
• Virtually Zero Sulfur
• Meets 2006 ULSD rule

9
Biodiesel lowers emissions
Emission Type B100 B20 B2
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67 -20 -2.2
Carbon Monoxide -48 -12 -1.3
Particulate Matter -47 -12 -1.3
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) 10 /-2 .2
10
Biodiesel Fuel Markets

• EPACT
• REGULATED FLEETS
• Federal
• State
• Selected Utilities

• MARINE
• Recreational
• Tour Boats
• Environmentally
• Sensitive Areas

Home Heating

• PREMIUM DIESEL
• Lubricity Enhancement
• Conductivity Improver
• ULSD Sulfur Free Blend Stock

11
US Biodiesel Demand
450
250
Biodiesel Tax Incentive
Changes to EPACT
Bioenergy Program
75 MGY
5 MGY
12
One Driver World Transport Vehicle Trends
DieselDirect Impact on Biofuels Production and
Demand !

• Global share of diesel market has increase 40 in
  the last 5 years
• Conditions for further expansion of diesel look
  right
• Global focus on CO2 Energy Security
• High energy prices (diesel 33 more efficient
  versus gasoline)
• Diesel technology has come of age (not dirty
  diesels anymore)
• Where are the oilseed feedstocks going to come
  from to fuel this increase?

13
Fascination with Biofuels Govt. Mandates

• US Renewable Fuels Standard 35 billion gallons
  (133 billion liters) by 2022 (20 of projected
  total consumption)
• EU 5.75 by 2010 10 by 2020 25 by 2030
• China 5 biodiesel
• China has said it aims to use 200,000 tons of
  biodiesel by 2010 and 2 million tons (2,057
  billion liters) by 2020.
• Why? Energy Security Peak Oil Climate
  Change

How will these intersect with market forces,
where exactly will the feedstocks come from, and
at what price?
14
New Renewable Fuel Standard Requirements

• Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
• Not just 10 ethanol in conventional gasoline

15
Biofuels Resources Land Use

• Limited Crop Acreage
• Limited increase in land space and product yields
• Sustainability Concerns
• Improved yields, less inputs,
• grow on marginal lands (?)
• Increasing demand/production
• will put pressure on food
• and water supplies, prices,
• and sustainability

American Grassland excellent carbon sink
16
American Dust Bowl 1930s
3 Story Building
17
(No Transcript)
18
Food Fuel Feed

• Oil Agriculture just like Diamonds or Coffee
  are commodity markets
• supply and demand effect pricing
• in a given market, the lowest cost producer will
  always win
• Many factors affect the markets
• Currency Policy
• Trading Technology
• Interest rates Consumers
• Trends Emerging markets
• There will be continued growth in renewable fuels

19
Some Perspective Petroleum Agriculture

• The oilseed and fat market is only a small
  fraction of the oil industry
• IF ALL DOMESTIC FEEDSTOCKS WERE CONVERTED TO
  FUEL, ONLY 8 OF DIESEL COULD BE REPLACED
• IF ALL GLOBAL FEEDSTOCKS WERE CONVERTED TO
  DIESEL, ONLY 10 OF DISTILLATE COULD BE
  SUBSTITUTED
• However, the entire world would go hungry

20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
Biodiesel and Diesel Particulate Matter/Elemental
Carbon Emissions
MSHA compliance samples, EC
Standard D2 100 Biodiesel
500 400 300 200 100 0

MSHA Target for UG Mines (123 EC)
Elemental Carbon, EC, µg/m3
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
23
Concerns of Fleet Managers about Biodiesel

• Fuel Quality
• Engine Warranties
• Performance in Cold Weather
• Storage and Handling
• Fuel Contamination
• Filter Plugging
• Degradation of Engine Parts
• Fuel Stability
• Price
• Others?

24
ASTM D 6751-07b Specifications (Full)
Free Glycerin ASTM D 6584 Max 0.020 mass
Total Glycerin ASTM D 6584 Max 0.240 mass
Flash Point (Methanol) ASTM D 93 Min 130 oC (Max 0.2 vol)
Acid Number ASTM D 664 Max 0.50 mg KOH/g
Water Sediment ASTM D 2709 Max 0.050 vol
Visual Appearance ASTM D 4176 Max 2 Haze rating
Oxidative Stability EN 14112 Min 3.0 hr
Sulfur ASTM D 5453 Max 15 ppm
Cloud Point ASTM D 2500 Report oC
Kinematic Viscosity at 40 C ASTM D 445 1.9 6.0 mm2/sec
Sulfated Ash ASTM D 874 Max 0.020 mass
Copper Strip Corrosion ASTM D 130 Max No. 3
Cetane Number ASTM D 613 Min 47
Carbon Residue for 100 sample ASTM D 4530 Max 0.050 mass
Distillation, 90 recovered ASTM D 1160 Max 360 C
Phosphorous Content ASTM D 4951 Max 0.001 mass
Relative density at 60 F ASTM D 1298 Report
Na and K, combined EN 14538 Max 5.0 ppm
Ca and Mg, combined EN 14538 Max 5.0 ppm
25
Supply Chain Management

• Preserve the quality of the finished fuel
• Hand-offs can cause the biodiesel ball to be
  fumbled

26

• Accredited Producer Focus
• A system for monitoring the production of
  biodiesel to the ASTM D 6751 specification.
• Sampling
• Testing
• Storage
• Retain Samples
• Shipping

• Certified Marketer Focus
• A system for the handling and distribution of
  biodiesel that maintains the fuel properties at
  the ASTM D 6751 specification.
• Sampling
• Testing
• Storage
• Retain Samples
• Blending
• Shipping

27
Actual biodiesel COA from a distributor to the
final end-user
If only Id checked the COA for ASTM!
28
OEMs Positions on Biodiesel

• Engine Warrantees
• Parts and Workmanship
• OEMs Dont Make Fuel
• OEMs Dont Warrantee Fuel
• As with diesel--problems caused by the fuel are
  the responsibility of the fuel supplier
• OEMs want to see additional experience in the
  field

29
(No Transcript)
30
Educational Resources
www.biodiesel.org