21_B2_U09A

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21st Century College English Book 2
Unit 9 Part A
Get Ready for Some Wild Weather
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Unit Nine Part A

• Pre-Reading Activities
• Intensive Study
• Exercises
• Assignment

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Pre-Reading Activities

• Listening
• Warm-up Questions

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Pre-reading Activities Listening
As you listen to the passage, circle the words
from the list that you hear.
ice hate perish snow fear suffice frost desp
air hold with rain desire know
of fire sorrow wonder fog confusion suffer wind
corruption favor
Script
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Pre-reading Activities Listening
Fire and Ice by Robert Frost Some say the
world will end in fire, Some say in ice. From
what Ive tasted of desire, I hold with those
who favor fire. But if it had to perish
twice, I think I know enough of hate To say
that for destruction ice Is also great, and
would suffice.
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Pre-reading Activities Warm-up Questions

• Natural disasters are as fascinating as they are
  frightening. What forms do they take, and what do
  you know about their courses?

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Intensive Study

• Intensive Study
• Difficult sentences
• Key words, phrases usages
• Comprehension exercises

8
Intensive Study
Get Ready for Some Wild Weather Per Ola Emily
D'aulaire     1 In March of 1997, Stephen Zebiak
stared at his computer screen in alarm. The
veteran climate researcher saw indications of a
worldwide weather event that, over the years, has
been blamed for droughts and floods, famine,
fires and thousands of deaths. Called El Niño, it
is the most disruptive climatic phenomenon on the
planet.
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Intensive Study
2 Zebiak and Mark Cane, research scientists at
Columbia University, had developed a computerized
forecast model that correctly predicted El Niño's
occurrences in 1982, 86 and 91, and it had
pointed to a recurrence in 98. But the data
appearing on Zebiaks screen from satellite and
sea-surface monitors across the Pacific were
unmistakable El Niño was already beginning. A
huge pool of warm water larger than the United
States and some 600 feet deep was moving slowly
but surely eastward toward South America.
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Intensive Study
3 In June the equatorial trade winds reversed
direction from westward to eastward. By
September, waters off Northern California were
roughly 17 degrees warmer than normal. Off the
Washington coast, stunned fishermen caught
tropical fish that seldom stray that far north.
Storms were flooding central Chile, and
heavier-than-normal snowfalls in the Andes
trapped hundreds in the bitter cold. And all of
this only foretold of even more devastating
weather for the fall and winter.
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Intensive Study
4 El Niño means little boy in Spanish when
capitalized, it refers to the Christ child. This
innocent-sounding name originated in the 19th
century, when Peruvian sailors noticed that every
few years around Christmastime, waters near the
coasts warmed up and the current shifted
southward. But this little boy plays havoc
around the globe.
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Intensive Study
5 El Niño occurs when weather patterns in the
tropical Pacific shift violently. Normally,
strong westward-blowing trade winds off South
America push surface water toward Asia. Just as
blowing on hot coffee pushes the liquid up
against the opposite side of the cup, the trade
winds pile warm water against the coastlines of
Australia, Indonesia and the Philippines. Above
the warm water, moist air rises, lowering
atmospheric pressure and triggering the tropical
showers that nourish the rain forests of Asia.
Meanwhile high-altitude winds travel back toward
South America. There, the cooled air sinks,
raising atmospheric pressure and suppressing rain
along most of the Pacific coast, making it one of
the driest regions in the world.
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Intensive Study
6 But with El Niño, the pattern reverses.
Atmospheric pressure in the Western Pacific
rises, setting the stage for drought from
Australia to India. The trade winds decrease, or
in extreme years reverse to blow eastward. As a
result, a huge mass of warm water flows back
toward South America, causing storms from Chile
to California. Meanwhile, over the Pacific,
ten-mile-high storm clouds further heat the
atmosphere, fueling a stronger-than-normal jet
stream, which often splits in two. One branch
moves north, warming the Pacific Northwest,
central Canada and Alaska. Another branch surges
south, producing heavy rains in the U.S. Gulf
States and Southwest.
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Intensive Study
7 El Niño's vast impact on humans has often been
catastrophic. The El Niño of 1982-83 inflicted
13 billion in damage and claimed some 2,000
lives. In Australia day turned to night when a
dust storm blanketed Melbourne brush fires raged
in its wake. In place of its normal monsoon,
Southern India got dried-up crops and the threat
of mass starvation. At the same time, violent
rainstorms devastated the Western Hemisphere
Perus fishing industry once one of the richest
in the world was wiped out, and seaside towns
were washed into the Pacific.
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Intensive Study
8 Is there a good side to El Niño? There can be.
Zebiak notes that the number of tropical
hurricanes in the Atlantic is reduced during an
El Niño year. One theory is that winds created by
El Niño shear off the tops of Atlantic
hurricanes, aborting them before they reach full
force. And a team of scientists in Israel who
study tree rings and satellite cloud pictures
concluded that El Niño may bring precious
moisture to the thirsty Middle East. It is
perhaps fitting that El Niño the Christ child
should have a link to the Holy Land, notes
scientist Dan Yakir.
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Intensive Study
9 This year, scientists around the world are
keeping a sharp eye on El Niño. They know that
the greater the temperature rise in Pacific
waters off South America, the more powerful the
El Niño. And this years waters have heated up
unusually fast. Climate-change researcher Michael
Ghil of UCLA expects the impact to be
substantial. Ants Leetmaa, director of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's
Climate Prediction Center in Maryland, agrees
This El Niño is shaping up as one of the most
powerful ever.
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Intensive Study
10 According to forecasters, hardest hit in this
country will likely be California, where heavy
rains can send houses sliding down muddy slopes
onto washed-out coastal highways. The nations
southern states from California to Florida
can expect cooler and wetter weather than normal
this winter and spring, with extensive storms in
some areas. The Northwest should be warmer and
drier than normal.
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Intensive Study
11 Wetter-than-normal conditions are expected in
much of South America. The Asian monsoon rains
could fail, resulting in food shortages in India.
In Australia, where El Niño typically means
drought, strict water conservation is already
under way. 12 El Niños effects wont just be
climatic, of course the global economy is sure
to suffer as well. Drought in Brazil and flooding
in Colombia may result in higher prices for
coffee and other crops. And fishing industries
from Ecuador to California are already being
hurt.
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Intensive Study
13 Clearly, the more accurately scientists can
forecast El Niño, the more people everywhere can
prepare. Insurance companies, farmers, power and
irrigation companies, public-safety agencies and
even tourist boards could benefit from knowing in
advance when El Niño will strike. 14 Reliable
forecasting is still in its infancy, states Mark
Cane. Someday, perhaps, scientists will be able
to predict exactly how El Niño will behave. But
for now, batten down the hatches and get ready
for some wild weather! (985 words)
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point to/ towards indicate that (sth.) exists
or is likely to exist in the future give signs
of

• e.g.
• His questions point to a desire to know some
  important truth.
• All indications point to an early spring.

Translate The evidence all pointed to Simpson as
the murderer.
Key ???????????????
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Text-related information
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waters off Northern California
waters n. (pl.) an area of sea, esp. one that
is near a country and is regarded as belonging
to that country

• e.g.
• the coastal waters of Alaska
• the territorial waters of neutral

More to learn
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waters off Northern California
off prep. in or on the sea and quite close to
the coast of

• e.g.
• Taiwan and Hainan are the two islands off the
  mainland of China.
• The new oil field is located two miles off shore.

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that far north as far north as that so far
north
that ad. to that degree so

• e.g
• The book was about that thick.
• I was that annoyed I could have screamed.

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when capitalized, it refers to the Christ child
The conj. V-ed structure (here when
capitalized) is grammatically known as
abbreviated clause, the omitted parts being
normally a form of the verb be and a pronoun
subject having the same reference as the noun or
pronoun subject in the main clause of the
sentence. Abbreviated ed clauses may follow
after, before, since, when, while, until, though,
as if, if, unless, etc.

• e.g.
• Unless/Even if (I am) invited, I wont go.
• Once (it was) published, the book became a
  bestseller.

More to do
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Exercises Structure
X. Complete each of the following sentence, using
a conj. V-ed clause.
???? II Ex. X, p. 259
1. Michael used to look hurt and surprised
_____(?????). 2. _____ (??????), the experiment
will be successful.

• When scolded

• If carefully done

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Exercises Structure
X. Complete each of the following sentence, using
a conj. V-ed clause.
3. Leave the chicken in the oven _____
(????). 4. _____ (?????????), the tree will
grow very quickly.

• until thoroughly cooked

• If planted in rich soil

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Exercises Structure
X. Complete each of the following sentence, using
a conj. V-ed clause.
5. _____ (?????????), Tom was annoyed about the
accident. 6. I wont go _____ (??????).

• Although covered by insurance

• unless invited

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triggering the tropical showers that nourish the
rain forests of Asia
trigger (off) vt. make (sth.) happen every
quickly (esp. a series of violent events) set
(an action or process) in motion

• e.g.
• The riots were triggered (off) by a series of
  police arrests.
• The smoke triggered off the alarm.

Translate Even the smallest diplomatic incident
can trigger a major international conflict.
Key ??????????????????????
More to learn
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triggering the tropical showers that nourish the
rain forests of Asia
causing the fall of tropical heavy rains that
provide sufficient water for the growth of the
Asian rain forests
Drill in V-ing phrases Complete the following
sentences with V-ing phrases from the words in
parentheses. 1. At night long he lay awake
_____. (worry/ his financial problems 2. One
politician went even further, _____. (imply/ the
Princess lacked the intelligence/ understand/
complex issue)
worrying about his financial problems
implying the Princess lacked the intelligence to
understand such a complex issue.
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set the stage for (sth.) prepare the conditions
for (sth.) make (sth.) possible

• e.g.
• We have set the stage for a completely new
  society.
• The presidents recent death set the stage for a
  military coup.

Fill in the blank The talks between the two
leaders _____ (????? ???????).
have set the stage for a peace agreement to be
reached
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fuel vt. make (sth. already difficult or
unpleasant) worse make (sb.s) feeling stronger

• e.g.
• Big wage increases have fueled inflation.
• Rumors of street fighting were fueled by the
  press.

Translate The attempts to stop the strike only
fueled the workers resentment.
Key ????????????????????????
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Text-related information
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Text-related information
the Gulf States The Gulf States are the U.S.
states that border the Gulf of Mexico. They are
Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and
Texas.
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The El Niño of 1982-83 inflicted 13 billion in
damage and claimed some 2,000 lives.
inflict sth. (on sb.) cause sth. to be suffered
by (sb.)

• e.g.
• The judge inflicted the severest possible
  penalty.
• The bombing inflicted great suffering on the
  local residents.

More to learn
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The El Niño of 1982-83 inflicted 13 billion in
damage and claimed some 2,000 lives.
claim vt. (of a disaster, an accident, etc.)
cause the loss or death of (sb.)

• e.g.
• The earthquake claimed thousands of lives.
• The war claimed the lives of thousands of
  civilians.

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in sth.s wake/ in the wake of sth. coming
behind or after sth. right after usu. as a
result of sth.

• e.g.
• The car left clouds of dust in its wake.
• Enrichment of human knowledge comes in the wake
  of discoveries and inventions.

Fill in the blank Famine came _____ (?????).
in the wake of disastrous flood
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Text-related information
More to learn
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In place of its normal monsoon, Southern India
got dried-up crops and the threat of mass
starvation.
in place of instead of

• e.g.
• In place of our advertised program, we will be
  showing a film.
• This task is carried out by robots in place of
  human workers.

More to learn
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In place of its normal monsoon, Southern India
got dried-up crops and the threat of mass
starvation.
Instead of having the normal wet season,
Southern India had bad crops because of the
drought, and a large number of people were
likely to be starved.
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devastate vt. destroy terribly cause great
damage to

• e.g.
• The bomb devastated the city center.
• The fire swept through the theatre, devastating
  the entire building.
• Many scientists think that within a century the
  increase of CO2 in the atmosphere would devastate
  the world.

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wipe out removedestroy completely

• e.g.
• Doctors are searching for a cure that will wipe
  out cancer.
• As time went on, those unpleasant events were
  gradually wiped out of his memory.

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shear off the tops of Atlantic hurricanes,
aborting them before they reach full force
When used before a number, force is a measure
of the speed and strength of the wind.

• e.g.
• a force 9 gale
• The ship had an engine failure in a Force Ten.

More to learn
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shear off the tops of Atlantic hurricanes,
aborting them before they reach full force
take away the sweeping force of the Atlantic
hurricanes, and stop them from becoming very
violent
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It is perhaps fitting that El Niño the Christ
child should have a link to the Holy Land
(Devastating to most posts of the world, El
Niño is good for the Middle East by bringing
precious moisture to the parched land so) we
may properly assume that there should be some
connection between the two El Niño, which
means the Christ child and the Middle East,
where the Holy Land Palestine is located.
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shape up develop or progress in a certain way

• e.g.
• Our plans are shaping up well.
• The campaign is shaping up as one of the most
  intensive sales campaigns ever.

Drill Make a sentence with shape up.
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hard hit (or hard-hit) severely stricken by
misfortune, grief, or disaster

• e.g.
• Scotland was hardest hit during the recession.
• The family was hard hit by the financial crisis
  in southeast Asia.

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fail vi. run out or be lacking while still
needed or expected

• e.g.
• The crops failed because of drought.
• At the last moment his courage failed. He walked
  away from her door without knocking.

Translate ???????????
Key She failed in her obligations to the family.
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under way happening in progress

• e.g.
• Preparations for the art festival are now well
  under way.
• Efforts to conserve the rain forest are under way.

Drill Make a sentence with under way.
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in advance beforehand ahead

• e.g.
• Write to me in advance if you decide to come.
• The landlord demanded that she should pay the
  rent six months in advance.

Fill in the blank You have to reserve your seat
_____ (?????? ??).
at least 3 weeks in advance
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be in ones infancy start to develop

• e.g.
• The science of cybernetics is still in its
  infancy.
• Space travel is in its infancy now.

Translate The educational reform is in its
infancy there is much room for improvement.
Key ??????????????????????
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someday ad. (also spelled some day) at a date
in the future, unknown or not yet fixed

• e.g.
• Some day my dream will come true.
• I hope that someday well have enough money to
  buy a house.

• Cf.
• the other day
• at a date in the recent past a few days ago
• e.g.
• I saw David the other day.
• Have you forgotten what happened the other day?

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batten down the hatches prepare for a period of
difficulty or trouble

• e.g.
• The tornado is coming, wed better batten down
  the hatches so as to minimize the losses.
• My sisters children were coming to stay so we
  had to batten down the hatches.

Drill Make a sentence with batten down the
hatches.
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Exercises

• Comprehension
• Vocabulary
• Listening

55
Comprehension
Answer the following questions
1. Why was Stephen Zebiak alarmed by what he saw
on his computer screen?
???? II Ex. II, p. 253
Key Because it showed that one of the most
disruptive climatic phenomena on Earth was
starting earlier than his computerized forecast
had predicted.
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Comprehension
Answer the following questions
2. What precisely was the indication that El Niño
was already beginning?
Key A huge pool of warm water that was moving
toward South America.
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Comprehension
Answer the following questions
3. How did El Niño get its name?
Key 19th-century Peruvian sailors noticed that
every few years around Christmastime, waters near
the coasts warmed up and the current shifted
southward. They named this phenomenon after the
Christ child because of the timing of it
recurrences.
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Comprehension
Answer the following questions
4. Briefly list how El Niño affects conditions in
the following regions a) the Western Pacific
___________________________ b) from Australia to
India ________________________ c) the west
coast of South America ________________________
_____________________ d) the Pacific Northwest,
central Canada and Alaska _____________________
________________________ e) the US Gulf States
and Southwest ___________________________
Atmospheric pressure rises.
Droughts occur.
A huge mass of warm water flows toward it,
causing storms.
One branch of a stronger-than-usual jet stream
warms them.
Heavy rains fall.
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Comprehension
Answer the following questions
5. What are two positive effects of El Niño?
Key It reduces the number of hurricanes in the
Atlantic, and it may bring moisture to the Middle
East.
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Comprehension
Answer the following questions
6. What were forecasters predicting for the
following areas at the time the article was
written? a) California _______________________
__________________________ _____________________
____________________________ b) South
America _______________________________________
__________ c) Asia ___________________________
______________________ _________________________
________________________ d) Australia ________
_________________
Heavy rains could send houses sliding down muddy
slopes onto washed-out coastal highways.
Wetter-than-normal conditions were expected.
The Asian monsoon rains could fail, resulting in
food shortages in India.
Drought was expected.
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Comprehension
Answer the following questions
7. What effects were expected on the global
economy? What effects were already being felt?
Key Higher prices were expected for coffee and
other crops. Fishing industries were already
being hurt.
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Comprehension
Answer the following questions
8. What does the last sentence of the article
mean?
Key It means that no one could predict exactly
what effects to expect from El Niño, everyone
should take steps to ensure their security.
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Vocabulary
64
Exercises Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with some of the words
given below. Change the form where necessary.
???? II Ex. III, p. 254
1. Storms cause ______ damage to seaside towns
every year.
? extensive
2. This kind of football _____ at the Rugby
School in England, which is why its called rugby
football.
? originated
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Exercises Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with some of the words
given below. Change the form where necessary.
3. I know auto_____ is expensive, but if you have
an accident, youll be glad you invested in it.
? insurance
4. In overcrowded cities like Hong Kong and
Shanghai, every small piece of land is _____.
? precious
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Exercises Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with some of the words
given below. Change the form where necessary.
5. To ease the energy shortage, we should
concentrate both on the _____ of natural
resources and on research into new sources of
energy.
? conservation
6. Scientists exploring the _____ between animal
behavior and natural disasters have actually
predicted the _____ of earthquakes by observing
horses.
? link
? occurrence
67
Exercises Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with some of the words
given below. Change the form where necessary.
7. He was called Baby Face because he looked
so ____ that people never suspected he was a ____
criminal.
? innocent
? violent
8. It was reported that the accident was caused
by a cow that had ______ into the road.
? strayed
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Exercises Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with some of the words
given below. Change the form where necessary.
9. Their study found many _____ that the economy
is slowly recovering.
? indications
10. Most plants are _____ by water drawn up
through their root.
? nourished
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Exercises Vocabulary
IV. Rescue these sentences! Our underachieving
students wrote the sentences below, trying to use
an expression from the text in each one but
they got all the prepositions mixed up, and made
various other mistakes as well. Correct all the
sentences, using expressions from the text, then
put a definition, synonym or translation of the
corrected expressions in the spaces provided.
???? II Ex. IV, p. 254
70
Exercises Vocabulary
1. The police have been keeping eyes upon the
spy ever since he entered the country. correct
form definition
keeping an eye on, keeping a sharp eye on
watching closely
2. The entire university would benefit of the
proposed increase in tuition. correct
form translation
benefit from
???
71
Exercises Vocabulary
3. Entire villages were wiped up by the
devastating floods. correct form synonym
wiped out
destroyed
4. The organizers say this years graduation
party is shaping away like the most wonderful
ever. correct form definition
shaping up as
developing into
72
Exercises Vocabulary
5. Its a very popular hotel if you want to stay
there you need to make your reservation at least
a month of advance. correct form synonym
in advance
before, beforehand, earlier
6. After years of delay, the irrigation project
is finally in our way. correct
form definition
under way
in progress
73
Exercises Vocabulary
7. The invention of printing settled a stage
after a new cultural era. correct
form translation
set the stage for
?????(????)
8. The strange patterns seemed to point out the
existence of intelligent life on the
planet. correct form synonym
point to
indicate, suggest
74
Exercises Vocabulary
V. Rewrite the following sentences so that they
keep the original meaning, but use words or
expressions from the text in place of the
underlined ones. Be sure to make any other
necessary changes as well.
???? II Ex. V, p. 255
1. I love the fresh atmosphere that comes after a
thunderstorm.
I love the fresh atmosphere that comes in the
wake of a thunderstorm.
75
Exercises Vocabulary
V. Rewrite the following sentences so that they
keep the original meaning, but use words or
expressions from the text in place of the
underlined cones. Be sure to make any other
necessary changes as well.
2. Horrified spectators watched as the plane lost
control and removed the roof of the building.
Horrified spectators watched as the plane lost
control and sheared off the roof of the building.
76
Exercises Vocabulary
V. Rewrite the following sentences so that they
keep the original meaning, but use words or
expressions from the text in place of the
underlined cones. Be sure to make any other
necessary changes as well.
3. The proposed improvements to the library would
require a larger investment than we can make at
this time.
The proposed improvements to the library would
require a more substantial investment than we can
make at this time.
77
Exercises Vocabulary
V. Rewrite the following sentences so that they
keep the original meaning, but use words or
expressions from the text in place of the
underlined cones. Be sure to make any other
necessary changes as well.
4. Conservative congressmen (????) who tried to
prevent the report from being published said they
considered it a threat to national security.
Conservative congressmen who tried to suppress
the report said they considered it a threat to
national security.
78
Exercises Vocabulary
V. Rewrite the following sentences so that they
keep the original meaning, but use words or
expressions from the text in place of the
underlined cones. Be sure to make any other
necessary changes as well.
5. Since you contributed so much to creating the
mess in this room, I think it would be
appropriate for you to participate in the efforts
to clean it up as well.
Since you contributed so much to creating the
mess in this room, I think it would be fitting
for you to participate in the efforts to clean it
up as well.
79
Exercises Vocabulary
V. Rewrite the following sentences so that they
keep the original meaning, but use words or
expressions from the text in place of the
underlined cones. Be sure to make any other
necessary changes as well.
6. The information from the latest series of
tests confirms our confidence in our products.
The data from the latest series of tests confirm
our confidence in our products.
80
Exercises Word Building
???? II Ex. VI, p. 255
81
Exercises Word Building
Prefix
pre-
to be added to verbs,nouns, adjectives
to mean before(sth), earlier
82
Exercises Word Building
Prefix
fore-
to be added to verbs, nouns
to mean (of time or rank) before or (of
position) in front of
83
Exercises Word Building
A. Add either pre- or fore- to each of the
following words to form a new word.
head ? school ? heat ?
cook ? set ? word
? fathers ? paid ? warn ?
sight ? select ? see
? historic ? ground ?
forehead
preschool
preheat
precook
preset
foreword
forefathers
prepaid
forewarn
foresight
preselect
foresee
prehistoric
foreground
84
Exercises Word Building
B. Use some of the new words you have just formed
to complete the following sentences, changing the
form where necessary.
1. This type of TV has a computerized timer that
can be _____ to your favorite programmes.

• preset

2. The travel agency had _____ the tourists of
the discomforts of traveling in such remote areas.

• forewarned

85
Exercises Word Building
B. Use some of the new words you have just formed
to complete the following sentences, changing the
form where necessary.
3. Van Gogh could never have _____ that his
paintings would sell at such high prices.

• foreseen

4. I bought a _____ chicken, so all we have to do
is heat it up.

• pre-cooked

86
Exercises Word Building
B. Use some of the new words you have just formed
to complete the following sentences, changing the
form where necessary.
5. I wish Id had the _____ to move to a
different neighborhood before the new airport was
built now the noise and traffic are driving me
mad.

• foresight

6. In the united states, children start going to
_____ between the ages 2 and 5.

• preschool

87
Exercises Word Building
B. Use some of the new words you have just formed
to complete the following sentences, changing the
form where necessary.
7. If I could travel in time (????), Id go back
to a ____ era to see some dinosaurs.

• prehistoric

8. I read the _____ to this book, but it didnt
really prepare me for the wonderful creativity of
these splendid exercises.

• foreword

88
Exercises Word Building
???? II Ex. VII, p. 257
89
Exercises Word Building
Suffix
-ic
to be added to nouns
to mean of or concerning (the original nouns)
90
Exercises Word Building
Study the following words and then complete the
sentences below by filling in the blanks with
some of them.
1. In the Christian religion, bread and wine are
____ of Christs body and blood.

• symbolic

2. The two countries have restored _____
relations and their embassies will be reopened
within a month.

• diplomatic

91
Exercises Word Building
Study the following words and then complete the
sentences below by filling in the blanks with
some of them.
3. The teacher was praised for her _____ efforts
to rescue the boy.

• heroic

4. In most countries its forbidden to serve
_____ drinks to anyone under the age of 18.

• alcoholic

92
Exercises Word Building
Study the following words and then complete the
sentences below by filling in the blanks with
some of them.
5. The article outlines the _____ changes that EI
Nino causes around the globe.

• climatic

6. Normal _____ pressure on the earths surface
at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch.

• atmospheric

93
Exercises Word Building
???? II Ex. VIII, p. 257
94
Exercises Word Building
suffix
-ive
to be added to verbs
to form adjectives
and to be added to nouns
to form adjectives
95
Exercises Word Building
suffix
-ian
to be added to place names
to form adjectives
to mean nationalities
and to nouns
to form nouns
to mean someone whose job or hobby is
96
Exercises Word Building
suffix
-ward(s)
to be added to nouns or adverbs
to form adj. or ad.
to indicate the direction something is moving
97
Exercises Word Building
A. Add ive, -ian or ward(s) to the words
below. The words you form are syllabus words for
you to learn.
collect ? decide ? cooperate ? respe
ct ? subject ? Christ ? library ?
guard ? back ? down ? in
?
collective
decisive
respective
cooperative
subjective
Christian
librarian
guardian
backward
downward(s)
inward
98
Exercises Word Building
B. Now fill the blanks in the following sentences
with some of the words youve formed.
1. The paintings were lent to the gallery by
several different donors, and after the exhibit
they must each be returned to their ____ owners.

• respective

• When theres no difference in the candidates
  scores, the judges make their decision on a ____
  basis.

• subjective

99
Exercises Word Building
B. Now fill the blanks in the following sentences
with some of the words youve formed.
3. He was a lonely man who seldom revealed his
______ thoughts to anyone.

• inward

4. Children under 12 must be accompanied by a
parent or _______.

• guardian

100
Exercises Word Building
B. Now fill the blanks in the following sentences
with some of the words youve formed.
5. Theres no denying that the mass media play a
_____ role in modern election campaigns.

• decisive

6. Stop arguing! Try to be a bit more _____ and
we might get the job done on time.

• cooperative

101
Exercises Word Building
B. Now fill the blanks in the following sentences
with some of the words youve formed.
7. No one noticed that the car was rolling slowly
_____ down the hill.

• backward

8. It was the _____ decision of all the club
members, and it cant be changed by any
individual member.

• collective

102
Exercises Listening
New Words
alien do sb. in torrential avalanche mudslide unde
rway
a creature from outer space(??? )
???? II Part 3.3, p. 130
(?)???
flowing or surging abundantly(???,???)
??
??
already commenced or initiated in progress
103
Exercises Listening
Directions Listen carefully to the following
and, as you listen, fill in the blanks with
missing information.
Check-up
104
Exercises Listening
Announcer Good evening ladies and gentlemen, and
welcome to the evening news for Friday, October
13th. Our top story for tonight is The world is
coming to an end. No, its not a nuclear war or
an alien attack. Its the weather thats gone
_____ and is causing the Earth to in effect
commit _______. Conservation groups have been
predicting for decades that human beings were
going to destroy our planet, but they were wrong
The Earth has decided to do us in before we do it
in. Every kind of weather phenomenon known to man
is raging out of control all around the globe.
crazy
suicide
105
Exercises Listening
__________ are devastating coastal regions as
_____ destroy forests torrential rains are
________ agricultural areas, while ice and snow
are __________ everything else. Meanwhile,
_________, ___________, avalanches and mudslides
are also under way. Scientists agree that theres
no _______ anywhere, and no way to stop the
devastation, so you might as well sit back, relax
and enjoy the _____. Thats our top story this
evening well be right back after the
commercials, with the latest in ______.
Hurricanes
fires
flooding
wiping out
volcanoes
earthquakes
refuge
show
sports
Script
106
Exercises Listening
Announcer Good evening ladies and gentlemen, and
welcome to the evening news for Friday, October
13th. Our top story for tonight is The world is
coming to an end. No, its not a nuclear war or
an alien attack. Its the weather thats gone
crazy and is causing the Earth to in effect
commit suicide. Conservation groups have been
predicting for decades that human beings were
going to destroy our planet, but they were wrong
The Earth has decided to do us in before we do it
in. Every kind of weather phenomenon known to man
is raging out of control all around the globe.
Hurricanes are devastating coastal regions as
fires destroy forests torrential rains are
flooding agricultural areas, while ice and snow
are wiping out everything else. Meanwhile,
volcanoes, earthquakes, avalanches and mudslides
are also under way. Scientists agree that theres
no refuge anywhere, and no way to stop the
devastation, so you might as well sit back, relax
and enjoy the show. Thats our top story this
evening well be right back after the
commercials, with the latest in sports.
107
Assignment

• Revision of Text A
• Translation Ex. XI XII p.259
• Cloze Ex. XIII p.260
• Preview of Text B