JeanYves PIOT

1
SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCECreating
animated maps to facilitate negotiation between
territorial actors
Journée Cartactive, G.D.R. M.A.G.I.S., Paris,5
Juin 2009 Mouvements et objets mobiles nouveaux
enjeux pour la cartographie ?

• Jean-Yves PIOT

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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE

• PROBLEMATIC
• 2. REPRESENTING A TERRITORY  GOING FROM A MAP
  TO ANIMATION
• 1) THE MAP
• 2) MAKING ANIMATED MAPS
• 3. MAP AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNANCE
• 4. AN EXPERIMENT
• CONCLUSION

• Jean-Yves PIOT

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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
PROBLEMATIC

• How does one go about representing a complex
  territorial system ?
• Images and notably maps are the traditional
  means of representing a territory
• An animation makes it possible to visualize a
  spatial process by selecting certain parameters

PROBLEMATIC
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE

• How does one go about involving territorial
  actors so that they can play an active role in
  the development  of their territory?
• The use of information and communication
  technologies offers the possibility to the actors
  to play a part in the development of cartographic
  documents
• Drawing up a cartographic document makes it
  easier for the territorial actors to understand
  spatial processes
• Visualizing an animation can make it easier for
  wider audiences to understand complex processes

PROBLEMATIC
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
THE MAP
REPRESENTING A TERRITORY
The cartographer
The reader
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
The map is a representation of a geographical
reality constructed from a selection of objects
or characteristics particular to the territory in
question
A simplified image of the objects and
characteristics selected
REPRESENTING A TERRITORY
A codified image with a particular projection, a
scale , conventional signs
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
The map is used to locate oneself and to
appreciate spatial connections between located
phenomena
The reconnaissance of known forms and
neighbourhoods through the association of objects
represented graphically
REPRESENTING A TERRITORY
An influx of new knowledge
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
Limits
 A map is constrained by the rules of graphical
semiology
REPRESENTING A TERRITORY
A map cannot easily reproduce complex situations
unless multiple images are used
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
Limits
A map is an image which tends to give an ideal
representation of a spatial situation (iconic
effect)
REPRESENTING A TERRITORY
The visible objects result from choices made by
the cartographer, which raises the question as to
how objective the document produced is
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
Limits
The cartographer and the map reader must have at
their disposal common representations of the
territory in order for the map to be understood
REPRESENTING A TERRITORY
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
MAKING ANIMATED MAPS
to bring new information by enabling the
recognition and reconnaissance of phenomena which
is not visible on a fixed image
An objective  
REPRESENTING A TERRITORY
REPRESENTING A SPATIAL PROCESS
The phenomenon or object that you want to animate
The space on which the phenomenon is deployed or
on which the object moves
Taking into consideration at least 3 parameters
Time
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE

• Knowing the position of the phenomenon or object
  in space-time

Constraints

• Giving a readable representation of the process
  in progress

REPRESENTING A TERRITORY

• Moving one or several objects around a given
  space (technical aspect)

• Comparing the simultaneous movement of several
  objects towards a destination (cognitive aspect)

Possibilities

• Creating interactivity enabling the reader to
  make choices and then to visualize them
  (technical and cognitive aspect)

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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
MAP AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNANCE

Pouvoir
Acteurs
MAP AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNANCE
GOUVERNANCE
Territoire
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
Possible definition  
Negotiation model in which decisions emerge from
the interaction of all parties present (Jan
KOOIMAN, 1993)
PARTIES PRESENT
POUVOIR
MAP AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNANCE

• Presenting a modern method which is more
  efficient in territorial management ?
• Possible conflict between the negotiation
  process and the decision-making procedure

Establishes the principle of participation of
individuals without stipulating limits
LIMITS

• Who is in possession of the information on a
  territory ?
• Who has access to the spatial information ? W
  ho creates the spatial information ?
• Who understands the information circulated ?

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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
AN EXPERIMENT

CREATING AN ANIMATION TO FACILITATE TERRITORIAL
NEGOTIATION
AN EXPERIMENT
A PROBLEM
how does one modify a schools timetable when
said school is served by a school bus network ?
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
The situation

A secondary school
A territory
AN EXPERIMENT

• located on the periphery of a built-up area
• an agglomeration community (128 000 inhabitants)
• an urban area (200 000 inhabitants)

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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
The situation

AN EXPERIMENT

• 900 pupils of whom 600 use school transport
• served by 31 bus routes
• lessons begin at 8.20 a.m.

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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
Numerous actors with different jurisdictions

An organizing authority The regional
council Powers delegated Agglomeration
community within the limits of the P.D.U.
Administrative powers delegated Commune
communities and communes outside of the
agglomeration The secondary school headmaster
The pupils the pupils parents The transport
companies
COMMUNES
AN EXPERIMENT
PARENTS DELEVES
ELEVES
PROVISEUR
C.2.A.
COMMUNAUTES DE COMMUNES
CONSEIL GENERAL
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
ABSENCE OF SPATIAL DATA CONCERNING SCHOOL BUS
NETWORKS
A FACT
AN EXPERIMENT
A TRAINING PROCESS

A GOVERNANCE PROCESS 
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
A TRAINING PROCESS (2004 / 2005)
Create a data base by involving the secondary
school pupils in the drawing up of maps
AN EXPERIMENT
Use of a G.I.S. to create the maps
Data gathering from the organizing authorities
Circulate spatial information
September
June
At an administrative council at the secondary
school , in the presence of pupils parents and
elected members of the territorial organizations
Sending of a recapitulatory file to the different
territorial organizations
Online publishing of information on the school
website
A GOVERNANCE PROCESS  
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
A problem  a thematic map which is difficult to
read
AN EXPERIMENT
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
A solution  create an animation which highlights
the movement of buses in relation to one another
AN EXPERIMENT
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
Display a scenario by the means of a JavaScript
programme
lthtmlgt ltheadgt lttitlegtAnimationlt/titlegt ltscript
language"JavaScript"gt lt!-- function
nullFunction() function getlayer(doc,id)
// Netscape 4.x var elemdoc.layersid for(var
i0,imaxdoc.layers.length(iltimax)(!elem)i)
elemgetlayer(doc.layersi.document,id) retu
rn(elem) if(!document.getElementById) if(documen
t.layers) document.getElementByIdnew
Function('id','return(getlayer(document,id))')
// Netscape 4.x else if(document.all) documen
t.getElementByIdnew Function('id','return(docume
nt.allid)') // MSIE else document.getElemen
tByIdnew Function('id','return(null)') //
?? Pb
AN EXPERIMENT
M. BENOIST
ANIMATION
5 maps commentary
An animation 20 maps
Introduction
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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
RESULTS

• Negotiations in progress (2006/2008)
• Secondary school headmaster/headmistress /
  regional council and agglomeration community
• Pupils parents / regional council

AN EXPERIMENT

• A possible modification of secondary school
  timetable
• (new school year , 2008)
• End of lessons put back by 15 minutes (5.35 pm
  instead of 5.20 pm)

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SCHOOL BUS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE
CONCLUSION

• A cartographic animation provides additional
  information which makes it easier to read a
  complex territorial system
• Information and communication technologies
  facilitate the access to tools to create and
  circulate information/data on the territory
• The participation of private individuals in the
  creation of catographic documents is possible
  with the help of adapted training courses
• The development of documents facilitates , for
  territorial actors, the understanding of spatial
  processes and enables them to play an active role
  in a territorial negotiation procedure

Cartographic animation seems to be an asset in
the passage from governance to geogovernance

• Jean-Yves PIOT