Microscope Basics

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Microscope
Basics
T. Trimpe 2005 http//sciencespot.net/
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History of the Microscope

• First microscope-invented during the Renaissance
• By Zaccharius Jensen and his son Hans in 1590
• One tube with 2 lenses
• Was fuzzy but it worked
• They were Dutch lens grinders

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http//micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/museum/images/j
anssen.jpg
http//img2.allposters.com/images/MEPOD/10082784.j
pg
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History of the Microscope

• 1609 Galileo took the Jensens ideas and improved
  them
• Made better lenses and added a focusing device
• Invented the telescope

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http//ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102
/images/galileo.jpg
http//arcticchicken.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/g
alileostelescope.jpg
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History of the Microscope

• 1663 Robert Hooke was the first person to see
  cells-He looked at cork
• Robert Hooke named the cell because he thought
  the cork looked like jail cells

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http//lh3.ggpht.com/_oMPIVdI8RlU/SJaAqiRmHeI/AAAA
AAAAAqA/FGXkGE_0C3s/cork_cells.jpg
http//www.epapaulofreire.org/recursosprofesorado/
Departamentos/Cientifico-Tecnologico/BEGO/Losseres
vivos/robert-hooke-1.jpg
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History of the Microscope

• 1675 Anton van Leeuwenhoek- Dutch scientist-
• Used a simple microscope-first person to see and
  DESCRIBE cells, bacteria, yeast and blood
• His microscope magnified things 270 times

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http//www.teachersparadise.com/ency/en/media/8/8f
/anton_van_leeuwenhoek_small.png
http//www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/hommedia.ashx?id8
507sizeSmall
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Simple vs. Compound Microscopes

• Simple
• One lens
• Only magnifies to one amount cant change it

• Compound
• 2 or more lenses
• Moveable parts
• Magnifies to different magnifications

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Other types of microscopes

• 1903 Richard Zsigmondy develops the
  ultramicroscope and is able to study objects
  below the wavelength of light.The Nobel Prize in
  Chemistry 1925 
• 1932 Frits Zernike invents the phase-contrast
  microscope that allows the study of colorless and
  transparent biological materials.The Nobel Prize
  in Physics 1953 

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http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e
/Phase_contrast_microscope_labelled1.jpg
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http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laure
ates/1925/index.html
http//www.fisicanet.com.ar/biografias/nobelfisica
/bibliografias2/img/zernike.jpg
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Other types of microscopes

• 1938 Ernst Ruska develops the electron
  microscope. The ability to use electrons in
  microscopy greatly improves the resolution and
  greatly expands the borders of exploration.The
  Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 
• 1981 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invent the
  scanning tunneling microscope that gives
  three-dimensional images of objects down to the
  atomic level.The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 

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http//infohost.nmt.edu/mtls/instruments/Fesem/Ru
ska1.gif
http//www.astbury.leeds.ac.uk/facil/ElectronMicro
/F20microscope.jpg
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http//www.iki.kfki.hu/facilities/images/stm_m.jpg
http//www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/thumb/0/02/Gerd
_Binnig.jpg/180px-Gerd_Binnig.jpg
http//www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/Ma
inBiographies/R/Rohrer/rohrer.gif
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Strongest microscope

• Electron microscope or scanning electron
  microscope- estimated it can magnify 2 million
  times
• In Denmark
• Nanotechnology

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Ocular lens(Eyepiece)
Body Tube
Nosepiece
Arm
Objectives
Stage
Stage Clips
Coarse Adjustment
Fine Adjustment
Light
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How does a microscope work?

• Look through the eyepiece-there is a lens inside
  the eyepiece that is called the ocular lens and
  it magnifies the object
• The nosepiece also contains tubes with other
  lenses that magnify-these magnifications vary
  from microscope to microscope. These are called
  objective lenses.

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Whats my power of magnification? To calculate
the power of magnification, multiply the power of
the ocular lens by the power of the objective.
What are the powers of magnification for each of
the objectives we have on our microscopes?
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Comparing Powers of Magnification
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Parts of a microscope

• Eyepiece Lens  the lens at the top that you look
  through.  They are usually 10X or 15X power
• Body Tube  Connects the eyepiece to the
  objective lenses
• Arm  Supports the tube and connects it to the
  base
• Base  The bottom of the microscope, used for
  support
• Coarse adjustment knob-large, round knob on the
  side of the microscope used for focusing the
  specimen it may move either the stage or the
  upper part of the microscope.
• Fine adjustment knob-small, round knob on the
  side of the microscope used to fine-tune the
  focus of your specimen after using the coarse
  adjustment knob.

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Parts of the microscope cont

• Stage  The flat platform where you place your
  slides.  Stage clips hold the slides in place. 
• Revolving Nosepiece  This is the part that holds
  two or more objective lenses and can be rotated
  to easily change power.
• Objective Lenses  Usually you will find 3 or 4
  objective lenses on a microscope.  They almost
  always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers.
•  Light Source  A steady light source (110 volts)
  used in place of a mirror.  If your microscope
  has a mirror, it is used to reflect light from an
  external light source up through the bottom of
  the stage.

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Lets give it a try ...
1 Turn on the microscope and then rotate the
nosepiece to click the red-banded objective into
place.
2 Place a slide on the stage and secure it
using the stage clips. Use the coarse adjustment
knob (large knob) to get it the image into view
and then use the fine adjustment knob (small
knob) to make it clearer.
4 When you are done, turn off the microscope
and put up the slides you used.
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How to make a wet-mount slide 1 Get a clean
slide and coverslip from your teacher. 2 Place
ONE drop of water in the middle of the slide.
Dont use too much or the water will run off the
edge and make a mess! 3 Place the edge of the
cover slip on one side of the water drop.