Atoms to Minerals

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• Atoms to Minerals

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Matter

• anything that has MASS and VOLUME
• Mass is the amount of material in an object (it
  is often referred to as weight, but this is
  incorrect! In order to have weight, you need
  gravity, but you dont need gravity for MASS)
• Example
• An astronaut in space has no weight, but has a
  mass!

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Elements Atoms

• All matter is made up of elements
• An element is a substance that cannot be broken
  down into a simpler substance
• Ex oxygen or gold

• Elements are made up of atoms
• An atom is the smallest part of an element that
  still has the characteristics of that element

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Parts of an atom

• Protons ()
• Neutrons (no charge)
• Both found in the NUCLEUS
• Electrons (-)
• spin around the nucleus

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Periodic Table of Elements
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• ATOMIC NUMBER number of protons (found
  top/center)
• ATOMIC MASS number of protons and neutrons
  (found bottom/center)

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Isotopes

• All elements that are the same have the same
  atomic
• Ex all carbon atoms have 6 protons
• (atomic 6)
• This is NOT true for the of Neutrons! Atoms
  that are the same but have a different Mass are
  called ISOTOPES
• Ex Carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons,
  while Carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons

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Compounds

• Substance made of 2 or more elements
• Chemically bonded
• Molecule is the smallest part of a compound
• Ex water is a compound of 2 Hydrogens and 1
  Oxygen

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Mineral Criteria

• The 5 must haves to be classified a MINERAL

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1. Naturally Occurring

• A mineral cannot be man-made!!!
• It must be formed in nature by one of two ways
• 1. Solidification of molten materials
• 2. Evaporation of seawater

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2. Solid Matter

• A mineral MUST BE A SOLID!
• Minerals can be crushed into powder but
  remember a powder is still a solid!
• There are NO liquid or gaseous minerals naturally
  occurring!

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3. Definite Chemical Composition

• Elements combine in exact proportions
• ex Halite is a compound of Na (sodium) and Cl
  (Chloride) this is the same as SALT!
• REFERENCE TABLES PG 16!
• Each mineral has a chemical composition a
  Recipe for making that mineral. Change the
  recipe and you change the mineral!

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4. Atoms Arranged in an Orderly Pattern

• This means that when the atoms combine, they must
  form a PATTERN
• This pattern is called CRYSTALLINE
• Some minerals actually form Crystals
• The shape of the crystal patterns affect the
  hardness and the shape of the mineral!

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Silica Tetrahedron

• Most minerals are composed of only 8 elements!
• The 2 most abundant elements are OXYGEN SILICON
  (found in 90)
• These minerals are called SILICATES
• They are made of a basic unit of SiO4 1
  Silicon surrounded by 4 Oxygens in a
  pyramid-like pattern!

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5. INORGANIC

• A mineral CANNOT be made from anything that is,
  was, or will be living!

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to sum up..key ideas
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The 5 Mineral Criteria

• 1. Must occur naturally
• 2. Must be a solid
• 3. Must have a definite composition
• 4. Atoms must be in an pattern
• 5. Must be inorganic