National Interest in Minerals

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Chemical Properties of Minerals I
Putting All Minerals in Perspective
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Creating the molecules of life
Carbohydrates and Fats
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
So, why do we need more?
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Butwill these six elements give us life?
Will they.
give us movement?
allow us to grow and develop?
generate energy?
maintain internal homeostasis?
build bones and teeth?
maintain fluid balance?
stimulate muscles to contract?
propagate nerve impulses?
determine the color of fur and skin?
optimize our immune system?
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What chemical elements do we associate with life?
Na
K
Ca
Mg
Cl
Fe
Zn
Cu
Mn
Se
Co
V
Si
As
Mo
I
Br
F
28?
Ni
Cr
Sn
B ?
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Chemical Principles Underlying the Properties of
Minerals
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Macrominerals
Microminerals
First transition series
3d
4d
5d
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Properties of Minerals Relevant to Function and
Selection
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5 major properties related to a particular
minerals function and selection
1. Charge or valance state of the ion
2. Solubility in water
3. Redox property
4. Coordination geometry
5. Choice of ligand
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Valance State of Macro- and Microminerals
Macro Micro
Sodium Na Iron Fe2, Fe3,Fe4
Potassium K Zinc Zn2 Magnesium Mg2 Copper C
u, Cu2,Cu3 Calcium Ca2 Manganese Mn2,Mn4,Mn
5 Chlorine Cl- Cobalt Co, Co2,
Co3 Nickel Ni, Ni2 Molybdenum Mo4,
Mo5,Mo6 Iodine I-
Denotes most common oxidation states in solution
at neutral pH
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Solubility in Water
Rule A mineral that is freely soluble in water
can easily move through extracellular and
intracellular fluids.
Rule Paradoxically, charge on the molecule is
not the only determinant of water solubility,
atomic number must also be considered
Rule Minerals capable of hydrolyzing water
work against solubility
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Solubility varies with charge and atomic number
Ion/complex
Na, K
10-1 M
Macrominerals
Mg2, Ca2
10-3 M
Zn2
10-9 M
Microminerals
Cu2
10-12M
Fe3
10-17M
pH 7.0 with chloride as counter ion
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Metals as hydrolytic agents
Fe(OH)3 3H
Fe3 3H2O
Insoluble hydroxide
Cu(OH)2 2H
Cu2 2H2O
H
Acid (low pH) favors solubility
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Oxidation-Reduction (redox metals)
Rule Metals with multiple valance states have
the capacity to take and give electrons, thereby
acting as oxidizing and reducing agents,
respectively.
Corollary Fixed valence metals cannot behave as
redox agents
Cu2 Fe2
Cu Fe3
Copper is reduced, iron is oxidized
Copper is oxidized, iron is reduced
Zn2 Fe2
No reaction
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Coordination Complexes
Rule Metal ions, especially micro- adhere to a
strict configuration in number of ligands and
spatial orientation when forming complexes
Rule Adherence to coordination requirements has
a major impact on selection of a particular
metal ion for a function and rejection of others
to replace the selected one.
Rule Metal ion antagonism and synergism is
strongest when two metals have the same
coordination properties
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3d10
3d9
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Ion Orbital Config Coordination
No.
Cu (tetrahedral) d10 dsp3 4 Zn2 (tetrahedral)
d10 dsp3 4 Cd2 (tetrahedral) d10 dsp3 4 Hg2
(linear) d10 dsp 2 Cu2 (sq.
plan) d9 dsp2 4 Ag2 (sq. plan) d9 dsp2 4 Fe2
(octahedral) d5 d2sp2 6
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