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Title: The%20OAIS%20Reference%20Model:%20an%20introduction


1
The OAIS Reference Model an introduction
  • Michael Day,Digital Curation CentreUKOLN,
    University of Bathm.day_at_ukoln.ac.uk
  • DLF and Reference Models meeting, One Great
    George Street, London, 25 January 2006

2
Presentation outline
  • The OAIS Reference Model
  • Background
  • Definitions, high level concepts, mandatory
    responsibilities
  • Functional Model
  • Information Model
  • Implementing the model
  • Preservation metadata
  • Informing system design
  • Conformance and certification

3
OAIS background
  • Reference Model for an Open Archival Information
    System (OAIS)
  • Development led by the Consultative Committee for
    Space Data Systems (CCSDS)
  • Issued as CCSDS Recommendation (Blue Book)
    650.0-B-1 (January 2002)
  • Also adopted as ISO 147212003
  • http//public.ccsds.org/publications/archive/650x
    0b1.pdf

4
OAIS definitions
  • Provides definitions of terms that need to have
    well-defined meanings, e.g.
  • Archival Storage, Content Data Object, Designated
    Community (key term), Ingest, Metadata,
    Representation Information, etc.
  • OAIS "An archive, consisting of an organization
    of people and systems, that has accepted the
    responsibility to preserve information and make
    it available for a Designated Community" (OAIS
    1.7.2)

5
OAIS high level concepts (1)
  • The environment of an OAIS (Producers, Consumers,
    Management)
  • Definitions of information, Information Objects
    and their relationship with Data Objects
  • Definitions of Information Packages, conceptual
    containers of Content Information and
    Preservation Description Information

6
OAIS high level concepts (2)
  • Information Package Concepts and Relationships
    (Figure 2-3)

7
OAIS mandatory responsibilities
  • Negotiating and accepting information
  • Obtaining sufficient control of the information
    to ensure long-term preservation
  • Determining the "designated community"
  • Ensuring that information is independently
    understandable, i.e. without the assistance of
    those who produced it
  • Following documented policies and procedures
  • Making the preserved information available

8
OAIS Functional Model (1)
  • Six entities
  • Ingest
  • Archival Storage
  • Data Management
  • Administration
  • Preservation Planning
  • Access
  • Described using UML diagrams

9
OAIS Functional Model (2)
PRODUCER
CONSUMER
Preservation Planning
DIP
Descriptive info.
Access
Descriptive info.
queries
Data Management
SIP
result sets
Ingest
orders
Archival Storage
SIP
AIP
AIP
SIP
DIP
Administration
MANAGEMENT
OAIS Functional Entities (Figure 4-1)
10
OAIS Information Model (1)
  • Information Object (basic concept)
  • Data Object (bit-stream)
  • Representation Information (permits the full
    interpretation of Data Object into meaningful
    information)
  • Information Object Classes
  • Content Information
  • Preservation Description Information (PDI)
  • Packaging Information
  • Descriptive Information

11
OAIS Information Model (2)
  • Information package
  • Container that encapsulates Content Information
    and PDI
  • Packages for submission (SIP), archival storage
    (AIP) and dissemination (DIP)
  • AIP ... a concise way of referring to a set of
    information that has, in principle, all of the
    qualities needed for permanent, or indefinite,
    Long Term Preservation of a designated
    Information Object

12
OAIS Information Model (3)
  • Archival Information Package (AIP)
  • Content Information
  • Original target of preservation
  • Information Object (Data Object Representation
    Information)
  • Preservation Description Information (PDI)
  • other information (metadata) which will allow
    the understanding of the Content Information over
    an indefinite period of time
  • A set of Information Objects
  • Based on categories discussed in CPA/RLG report
    Preserving Digital Information (1996)

13
OAIS Information Model (4)
Preservation Description Information
Reference Information
Provenance Information
Context Information
Fixity Information
PDI Preservation Description Information (Figure
4-16)
14
OAIS Information Model (5)
  • Also defines
  • Archival Information Units and Archival
    Information Collections
  • Information Package transformations, e.g. for
    Ingest and Access
  • Preservation perspectives
  • Migration, e.g refreshment, replication,
    repackaging, transformation
  • Preservation of look and feel (e.g., emulation,
    virtual machines)
  • Archive interoperability, e.g. federation

15
Implementing OAIS (1)
  • Fundamentals
  • OAIS is a reference model (conceptual framework),
    NOT a blueprint for system design
  • It informs the design of system architectures,
    the development of systems and components
  • It provides common definitions of terms a
    common language, means of making comparison
  • But it does NOT ensure consistency or
    interoperability between implementations

16
Implementing OAIS (2)
  • ISO 147212003, published in early 2003 - follows
    the text made available by the CCSDS
  • However, the earlier versions of the model made
    available by the CCSDS informed implementations
    long before then
  • Three broad areas of influence
  • Preservation metadata schemas
  • Architecture and system design
  • Conformance criteria for repositories

17
Implementing OAIS - metadata
  • The OAIS Information Model has been used to
    inform the development of many preservation
    metadata schemas, e.g.
  • Draft schemas developed by the National Library
    of Australia, Cedars project, NEDLIB project,
    etc.
  • METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission
    Standard) interpreted as an implementation of the
    OAIS Information Package concept
  • Information Model explicitly used for the
    structure of the OCLC/RLG Metadata Framework
    (2002)
  • Different approach taken by PREMIS Data
    Dictionary (2005)

18
Implementing OAIS - systems (1)
  • Two main uses (to date)
  • To analyse existing preservation management
    practices
  • Helps with the comparison of repositories and the
    identification of important gaps
  • Studies of BADC, UK Data Archive,
  • "It is assumed that implementers will use this
    reference model as a guide while developing a
    specific implementation to provide identified
    services and content" (OAIS 1.4)
  • Examples

19
Implementing OAIS - systems (2)
  • Stanford Digital Repository
  • "OAIS-compliant" system for managing digitised
    objects
  • OCLC Digital Archive Service
  • Subscription service claimed to be "Based on
    OAIS"
  • Harvard University Library
  • XML-based Submission Information Package for
    e-journals
  • Cedars project
  • Distributed archive prototype - Representation
    nets
  • DCC RI Registry/Repository, DSpace, KB e-Depot,

20
Implementing OAIS - conformance (1)
  • Many repositories or preservation tools claim
    OAIS compliance
  • e.g., DSpace, OCLC Digital Archive, METS
  • LOCKSS System has produced a "formal statement of
    conformance to ISO 147212003" (lockss.stanford.ed
    u/)
  • The OAIS model claims to be a basis for
    conformance (OAIS 1.4), e.g.
  • Supporting the information model (OAIS 2.2),
  • Fulfilling mandatory responsibilities (OAIS 3.1)

21
Implementing OAIS - conformance (2)
  • OAIS Mandatory Responsibilities
  • Negotiating and accepting information
  • Obtaining sufficient control of the information
    to ensure long-term preservation
  • Determining the "designated community"
  • Ensuring that information is independently
    understandable
  • Following documented policies and procedures
  • Making the preserved information available

22
Implementing OAIS - conformance (3)
  • OCLC/RLG Digital Archive Attributes Working Group
  • Trusted Digital Repositories report (2002)
  • Recommended the development of a process for the
    certification of digital repositories
  • Audit model
  • Standards model
  • Goes well beyond OAIS mandatory responsibilities
  • e.g., administrative responsibility,
    organisational viability, financial
    sustainability, system security, etc.

23
Implementing OAIS - conformance (4)
  • RLG-NARA Task Force on Digital Repository
    Certification
  • Research Libraries Group (RLG) and the US
    National Archives and Records Administration
    (NARA).
  • To define certification model and process
  • Identify those things that need to be certified
    (attributes, processes, functions, etc.)
  • Develop a certification process (organisational
    implications)
  • Draft checklist for self certification (August
    2005), being tested by various projects in US,
    also by DCC

24
Some personal comments (1)
  • Conformance with the OAIS model is often cited by
    digital preservation efforts (e.g. DSpace, METS)
    - but, given the nature of the model, can these
    claims be meaningful?
  • At present, the model is best seen as a means of
    comparison between repositories, or a means of
    judging progress (e.g. Data Archive, BADC)
  • Sometimes interpreters of the model seem
    reluctant to acknowledge that it could be improved

25
Some personal comments (2)
  • OAIS mandatory responsibilities do not seem to
    identify all relevant criteria - but, together
    with the additional requirements now developed by
    the RLG-NARA Task Force, could be used in the
    future as a starting point for conformance
  • There may be a need for periodic revision, some
    clarification of definitions, possibly some
    comment from the archives world (who can be very
    critical of the metadata frameworks based on it)

26
Key links
  • OAIS Reference Model http//public.ccsds.org/publ
    ications/archive/650x0b1.pdf
  • DPC Technology Watch Report on OAIS model by
    Brian Lavoie (OCLC Research)http//www.dpconline
    .org/
  • RLG/NARA Task Force on Digital Repository
    Certificationhttp//www.rlg.org/

27
Reference models for digital libraries - a brief
overview of recent DELOS activities
  • Michael Day,Digital Curation CentreUKOLN,
    University of Bathm.day_at_ukoln.ac.uk
  • DLF and Reference Models meeting, One Great
    George Street, London, 25 January 2006

28
DELOS/NSF Working Group
  • DELOS/NSF working group on Reference Models for
    Digital Libraries
  • WG co-ordinated by José Borbinha and John Kunze
  • Final Report (July 2003) looked at actors and
    roles
  • Actor "a person, organization, or automaton
    playing a role in the production, dissemination,
    management or use of digital information"
  • http//www.dli2.nsf.gov/intl.html

29
DLMS Reference Model (1)
  • Reference Model for Digital Library Management
    Systems
  • DELOS Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries
    (IST Project)
  • Work being undertaken by DELOS Digital Library
    Architecture cluster (WP1)
  • Partners ISTI-CNR, University of Athens,
    University of Glasgow, UMIT
  • Claim that they will establish liaisons with
    other DELOS partners and at international level
  • Very little detail on this to date

30
DLMS Reference Model (2)
  • Brief overview
  • Mainly concerned with the heterogeneity of
    existing DL systems, i.e. getting DLs and DL
    components to work together
  • There is a " lack of any agreement on the
    foundations for Digital Library Management
    Systems
  • Project (one of many in JPA2) will define a
    formal and conceptual framework
  • From three perspectives end users, system
    administrators, software engineers
  • Some detail at http//www.delos.info/reports/Res
    earch_Activities_2005.pdf

31
DLMS Reference Model (3)
  • Highest Level Concepts
  • Source Castelli, et al. (2005) in DELOS
    Research Activities 2005

32
DLMS Reference Model (4)
  • DELOS brainstorming meeting on the European
    Digital Library
  • December 2005
  • Recommended the establishment of "a unified
    service-oriented framework for all digital
    library projects sponsored by the European
    Commission " (Recommendation 14)
  • This " lists mandatory and optional DL
    components describes the functionality of these
    components within a conceptual framework"
  • More information http//www.delos.info/eventlist/
    DELOSBrainstormingReport_Final.pdf

33
Links
  • DELOS Research Activities 2005
    http//www.delos.info/reports/Research_Activities_
    2005.pdf
  • DELOS Recommendations and Observations for a
    European digital Library (EDL)
    http//www.delos.info/eventlist/DELOSBrainstorming
    Report_Final.pdf
  • DELOS Digital Library Architecture
    http//ii.umit.at/research/delos_website
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