Title: Introduction to INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
1Introductionto INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
- OTI 501
- Trainer Course in Occupational Safety and Health
Hazards for General Industry
2Industrial Hygiene
- that science or art devoted to the anticipation,
recognition, evaluation, and control of those
environmental factors or stresses, arising in or
from the workplace, that may cause sickness,
impaired health and well-being, or significant
discomfort and inefficiency among workers
3History
- Circa 400 BC
- lead toxicity in mining (Hippocrates)
- 500 years later
- Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar
- zinc and sulfur hazards
- protective mask
4History
- 2nd Century AD
- Galen
- copper miners exposure to acid mists
- 1473
- Ulrich Ellenbog
- publication n occupational illness in gold miners
5History
- 1556
- Agricola, German scholar
- diseases of coal miners
- preventive measures
- publication - De Re Metallica
- 1700s
- Bernardino Ramazzini
- father of industrial hygiene
6OSH Act of 1970
- The purpose of the OSH Act is to
- assure so far as possible every working,
- man and woman in the nation safe and
- healthful working conditions and to
- preserve our human resources.
7Environmental Factors or Stresses
- Chemical hazards
- gases, vapors, dusts, fumes, mists, and smoke
- Physical hazards
- non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, noise,
vibration, extreme temperatures and pressures
8Environmental Factors or Stresses
- Ergonomic hazards
- workstation design, repetitive motion, improper
lifting/reaching, poor visual conditions - Biological hazards
- insects, mold, yeast, fungi, bacteria, and
viruses
9Routes of Entry
- Inhalation
- airborne contaminants
- Absorption
- penetration through the skin
- Ingestion
- eating
- drinking
10OSHA Hierarchy of Control
- Engineering controls
- Work practice controls
- Administrative controls
- Personal protective equipment (PPE)
11Types of Exposure
- Acute
- Short term period between exposure and onset of
symptoms - Chronic
- Long time period between exposure to an agent and
the onset of symptoms
12Types of Air Contaminants
- Particulates
- dusts, fumes, mists, and fibers
- non respirable particles
- gt 10 ?m in diameter
- respirable particles
- lt 10 ?m in diameter
13Types of Air Contaminants
- Fumes
- volatilized solids condenses in cool air
- lt 1.0 ?m in diameter
- hot vapor air (reaction with) oxide
- Mists
- suspended solid droplets
- generated by a condensation of liquids from a
vapors to a liquid state
14Types of Air Contaminants
- Fibers
- solid, slender, elongated structures
- length several times the diameter
- Gases
- formless fluids that expand to occupy a space
- arc-welding, internal combustion engine exhaust
air - Vapors
- liquid changed to vapor
- organic solvents
15Units of Concentration
- ppm
- parts per million
- mg/m3
- milligrams per cubic meter
- mppcf
- millions or a particle per cubic foot
- f/cc
- fibers per cubic centimeter
16Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants
- OSHA
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- NIOSH
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health - ACGIH
- American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists
17Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants
- OSHA
- PEL
- permissible exposure limit
- NIOSH
- REL
- recommended exposure level
- ACGIH
- TLV
- threshold limit value
18Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants
- OSHA
- PEL, STEL, Ceiling
- NIOSH
- TWA, STEL, Ceiling
- ACGIH
- TWA, STEL, Ceiling
19Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants
- TWA
- takes into account variable exposure through a
full shift, 8 hour work day - STEL
- limit of exposure during a short period, 15
minutes - CEILING
- absolute maximum level of exposure not to be
exceeded
20Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants
- Legally enforceable
- OSHA PEL
- OSHA AL (action level)
21Air Contaminants
- 29 CFR 1910.1000
- Table Z-1
- Substances with Limits Preceded by C - Ceiling
Values - Table Z-2
- employees exposure to Table Z-1 contaminants
shall not exceed exposure limits listed in Z-2
(TWA and ceiling concentrations) - Table Z-3
- Mineral Dusts
22Hearing Conservation
- 2.9 million workers experience 8-hours noise
exposures gt 90 bBA - 29 CFR 1910.95
- PEL
- 90 dBA
- 8 hours
- engineering and administrative controls
23Hearing Conservation Program
- Mandatory
- at an 8-hour TWA gt 85 dBA
- Exposure monitoring
- Audiometric testing
- Hearing protection
- Employee training
- Recordkeeping
24Hearing Conservation Program
- An effective program depends upon
- employers
- supervisors
- employees
- others
25Bloodborne Pathogens
- Bloodborne pathogens include
- Hepatitis B
- HIV
- Others
- 29 CFR 1910.1030
- describes actions employers must take to reduce
risk of exposure in the workplace
26Bloodborne Pathogens
- 29 CFR 1910.1030
- Scope and application
- all employees with occupational exposure to blood
and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) - Exposure control plan (ECP)
27Bloodborne Pathogens
- 29 CFR 1910.1030 - ECP
- engineering and work practice controls
- personal protective equipment
- training
- medical surveillance
- Hepatitis B vaccinations
- signs and labels
- other provisions
28Industrial Hygiene
- ANTICIPATION
- RECOGNITION
- EVALUTION
- CONTROL