Cell Parts

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Chapter 5

• Cell Parts Functions

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OGT Standards

• Explain that living cells are the basis of life
• Compare the structure, function, and
  interrelatedness of cell organelles in eukaryotic
  cells

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5-1 The Cell Theory

• Objectives
• Become familiar with scientists that made
  discoveries in cells
• Know the cell theory

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5-1 The Cell Theory

• 1600s
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek developed 1st microscope
  saw small organisms in water
• Robert Hooke used microscope and was the 1st to
  call cells cells looked at thin slices of
  wood, cork, etc.

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• 1833 - Robert Brown found dark structure near
  center of the cell nucleus
• 1838 Matthias Schleiden all plants are made
  of cells
• 1839 Theodor Schwann all animals are made of
  cells
• 1855 Rudolf Virchow all cells arise from
  preexisting cells

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The Cell Theory (MUST KNOW)

• All living things are composed of cells
• Cells are the basic units of structure and
  function in living things
• All cells come from preexisting cells

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5-2 Cell Structure

• Objectives
• Identify and give function of three basic cell
  structures
• Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
  cells

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5-2 Cell Structure

• 3 basic structures found in most cells (MUST
  KNOW)
• Cell membrane
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm

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Cell membrane

• Allows passage of particles in and out of the
  cell, protects supports the cell
• Made up of a lipid bilayer, proteins,
  carbohydrates
• Some proteins are stationary and some move some
  mobile proteins can act as channels or pumps to
  move molecules into or out of the cell
• Carbohydrates located on outer surface for
  recognition

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Cell wall

• Found in addition to cell membrane in plants,
  algae, some bacteria
• Serves to protect and support, outermost layer
• Very permeable
• Made of different layers
• Primary cellulose, stretchy
• Secondary cellulose and lignin more rigid,
  found in woody stems
• Pectin gluey substance between cell walls that
  help hold cells together

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Nucleus

• Control center for cell activities, contains DNA,
  brain
• Prokaryotes before nucleus usually small
  unicellular organisms (bacteria)
• Eukaryotes true nucleus can be unicellular
  or multicellular

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• Nuclear envelope membrane surrounding nucleus
  for protection, has pores through which molecules
  can pass
• Nucleolus in nucleus made of RNA and
  proteins, ribosomes are made here
• Chromatin/chromosomes thin strands that contain
  DNA, which is genetic information must be
  passed on to new cells

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Cytoplasm

• Watery substance, jellylike substance between the
  cell membrane and the nucleus, filler material
• Contains many materials involved in cell
  metabolism

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5-3 Cytoplasmic Organelles

• Objectives
• List the major cytoplasmic organelles and
  describe their functions
• Compare the structure of plant and animal cells

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5-3 Cytoplasmic Organelles

• Organelle very small structures found in the
  cytoplasm that perform specialized functions in
  the cell

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Mitochondria

• Change the chemical energy from food into
  compounds that the cell can use for energy
• Powerhouse of the cell
• Has an inner and outer membrane

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Chloroplasts

• Site of photosynthesis chlorophyll traps energy
  from sunlight and converts it to chemical energy
• Found in only in plant and algae cells
• 3 membranes inner and outer, as in
  mitochondria, and a 3rd that changes the suns
  energy to chemical energy

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Ribosomes

• Site of protein synthesis
• Found free or attached to membranes
• Composed of RNA and protein
• Very small in size

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Membranous system that transports materials
  within the cell
• 2 types
• Smooth ER- stores special enzymes and chemicals
• Rough ER covered with ribosomes newly made
  proteins are put into the rough ER to be
  chemically modified

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Golgi Apparatus

• Modifies, collects, packages, and distributes
  molecules made at one location in the cell and
  used at another
• Looks like a flattened stack of pancakes
• Modification ex adding carbohydrates or lipids
  to proteins

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Lysosomes

• Small vesicles (storage containers) containing
  chemicals and enzymes that digest certain
  materials within the cell
• cleanup crews
• Formed by Golgi apparatus
• found only in animal cells
• Endocytosis process by which large materials
  are brought into the cell to be digested or
  broken down

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Vacuoles

• Store water, salts, proteins, or carbohydrates
• Fluid-filled organelle enclosed by a membrane
• Plants have a large vacuole to store water
  gives plant rigidity lack of water wilting

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Plastids

• Store food and pigments
• found only in plant cells
• Chloroplasts
• Leukoplasts store starch, colorless
• Chromoplasts store pigment molecules

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Cytoskeleton

• Supports cell structure and drives cell movement
• Made up of different structures
• Microtubules hollow tubes of protein that
  support or give shape to the cell
• Provide support, help move organelles through the
  cell, and form centrioles
• centrioles structure active during cell
  division, only in animal cells
• Support cilia and flagella which aid in movement

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• Cilia hair-like structures involved with
  movement (many)
• Flagella long hair-like structure used for
  movement (usually only one or two)

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• Microfilaments long thin fibers/filaments
• Aid movement and support the cell
• Movement of cytoplasm within the cell

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