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Phytoplankton

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Autotrophic Bacteria. Chemosynthetic Bacteria. Cyanobacteria ... Can be autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic. Some have a test known as a theca ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Phytoplankton


1
Phytoplankton
  • September 25, 2007

2
Marine Plants
  • Prokaryotes
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Heterotrophic Bacteria
  • Autotrophic Bacteria
  • Cyanobacteria
  • Eukaryotes
  • Unicellular Eukaryotes
  • Multicellular Eukaryotes
  • Multicellular Algae (Seaweeds)
  • True Marine Plants

Phytoplankton
3
Archaea
  • Look similar to bacteria - were only recently
    classified separately
  • Decomposers
  • Live in extreme environments

http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaeamm.htm
l
4
Bacteria
  • All prokaryotes and unicellular
  • Very small, most less than 1 ?m
  • Found everywhere
  • Very abundant - 106 bacteria/ml

5
Bacteria
  • Heterotrophic Bacteria
  • Decomposers
  • Recycle Nutrients
  • Autotrophic Bacteria
  • Chemosynthetic Bacteria
  • Cyanobacteria

http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/bact
eria2.jpg
6
Cyanobacteria
  • Prokaryotic primary producers
  • The smallest, simplest phytoplankton
  • Major Types
  • Prochlorococcus
  • Synechococcus
  • Nitrogen Fixers (Trichodesmium)

http//scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/pressreleases/images/c
ell.jpg
7
Cyanobacteria
  • What are the advantages and disadvantages to
    being small as phytoplankton?
  • Where would cyanobacteria thrive in the ocean?

8
Eukaryotic Phytoplankton
  • Unicellular
  • Chloroplasts
  • Evolved from endosymbiosis
  • Major Types
  • Diatoms
  • Dinoflagellates
  • Coccolithophores
  • Others

9
Diatoms
  • Vary in size from a few ?m to over 1mm
  • Very important in coastal and other upwelling
    regions - form large blooms
  • Many form chains
  • Cell enclosed by a silica frustule (test)

http//oceanandair.coas.oregonstate.edu/images/use
rimages/StudentsInTheField/diatoms_noaa_239x157.jp
g
http//thalassa.gso.uri.edu/ESphyto/sizeshap/shape
.htm
10
Diatoms
  • Silica Frustule
  • Upper and lower frustules join like a pillbox
  • 2 major shapes - pennate or centric
  • Perforated
  • Often ornamented with spines

11
(No Transcript)
12
Diatom Reproduction
  • Explosive population growth

13
Diatoms
  • Where and would we expect to find blooms of
    diatoms?
  • How would an abundance of diatoms affect a marine
    ecosystem?

14
Dinoflagellates
  • Motile
  • Have 2 flagella (one longitudinal and one
    transverse)
  • What advantages are there to being motile?

http//webs.lander.edu/rsfox/rsfoximages1/protozoa
143L_x550_x_289x.gif
15
Dinoflagellates
  • Can be autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic
  • Some have a test known as a theca

http//www.palaeos.org/Dinoflagellata
16
Dinoflagellates
  • Some can form blooms known as red tides
  • Some bloom-forming dinoflagellates can be toxic
  • What are the effects of these harmful algal
    blooms?
  • Shellfish poisoning
  • Fish kill
  • Hypoxia

17
Coccolithophores
  • Typically smaller than diatoms and
    dinoflagellages
  • Have calcium carbonate (CaCO3) tests made up of
    many coccoliths
  • Can form large blooms
  • Tests are preserved in sediments

18
Big vs. Small Phytoplankton
  • Big
  • Defense against predators
  • Fast growth when conditions are right
  • Small
  • Slow Sinking
  • High Surface AreaVolume Ratio for Nutrient
    Uptake

19
Why are phytoplankton important?
  • Responsible for 50 of global photosynthesis
  • Are the base of the oceanic food web
  • Provide much of the worlds oxygen
  • Sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide
  • Regulate global climate

20
Primary Productivity
  • What limits primary productivity at different
    depths?

http//content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docIdkt167nb66r
chunk.id0doc.viewprint
21
Primary Productivity
Desiderio et al., Jounral of Atmospheric and
Oceanic Technology., 1993.
22
Primary Productivity
  • What limits primary productivity at different
    times of the year?

Thurman and Burton, (2001) Introductory
Oceanography., pg. 405
23
Primary Productivity
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