HISTORY OF COMPUTING

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HISTORY OF COMPUTING

• By
• William E. Fletcher, Ph.D.
• A2K Instructional Technology Facilitator
• Tensas Parish School Board

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Abacus

• - The first counting machine 3,000 years ago. .
  First produced by the ancient Hindu civilization.
  Changed by the Chinese.

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Napiers Bones

• (1617) considered a landmark in calculations.
  Used to do logarithms. Invented by John Napier.
  Could perform multiplication,division, square
  root and cube root

4
Slide Rule

• (1622) was invented by William Oughtred.
  Consist of two outer rulers and a central sliding
  rule.

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Blaise Pascal

• in 1642 invented the first mechanical adding
  machine.

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First Mechanical Adding Machine

• Consisted of wheels with cogs (teeth) with
  numbers from 0 to 9. This machine didnt work
  well due to the lack of precision manufacturing.
  Could only perform addition and subtraction.

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Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz
-In 1671, the first calculator to multiply,
divide, count, add and subtract. -Stepped
Reckoner
8
Ada Augusta Lovelace
Countess of Lovelace Wrote about Charles
Babbages proposed machine Skilled
Mathematician Credited with being the first
programmer
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Charles Babbage

• 1791 - 1871
• Father of Computing
• Developed Concepts that underlie all modern
  computers
• Earliest recorded government funded research

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Arithmometer

• Charles Xavier Thomas
• 1820s
• First to add, subtract, multiply, and divide
  accurately

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William S. Burroughs

• First commercially practical adding/listing
  machine in 1884. Not patented until 1888.
• American Arithmometer Company that he formed
  later known as Bourroughs Corporation. Later
  merged with Sperry to form UNISYS Corp.

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Comptometer

• In 1885, Don Felt designed an experimental
  multiple-order, key-driven calculator machine.
• In 1887, he joined with Robert Tarrant to produce
  the Comptometer

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Punched Cards

• Used in weaving Industry
• In 1725, operated a loom designed by Basile
  Bouchon.

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Automatic Textile Loom

• In 1801, Joseph Jacquard invented an automatice
  textile loom that revolutionized the weaving
  industry.

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Tabulating/Sorting Machine
Herman Hollerith a census bureau worker designed
and built this machine. Data was punched
into a card. The data from the 1890 census was
processed in less than 2 years. His company
became known as IBM.
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Electromechanical Computing Machine
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Complex Number Calculator

• In 1938, George Stibitz invented a special
  purpose relay computer.
• First to employ binary components.
• Could perform operations on two complex numbers
  in 30 seconds.
• Brain consisted of 450 telephone relays

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ABC Computer

• John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built this
  computer in 1942.
• Modified IBM Punch Card Machine.
• Memory consist of 45 vacuum tubes.

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Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

• Mark I, operated 15 years
• 50 feet long X 8 feet tall
• Over 760,000 parts
• Over 500 miles of wire
• 5 Tons
• Add/Subtract 23 digits in 3/10 second
• Multiply 2-23 digit numbers in 5 7/10 seconds
• Divide 23 digit number in 15 3/10 seconds

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First Generation Computers1942 - 1958
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Characteristics Of First Generation Computers
1. Very Large
2. Uses Vacuum Tubes
3. Very Expensive
4. Gives off large amounts of heat
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Colossus

• Built in 1943 during World War II.
• Special purpose computer used to break German
  Code for the British.

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Tunny Room
Control room for Colossus.
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Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer

• In 1949 the (EDSAC) was built at Cambridge
  University in England. Known as the First Stored
  Program Computer.

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EDSAC fully assembled
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Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator
Completed in 1952 Built by Eckert and Mauchly at
the University of Pennsylvania Differed from
Edsac by internal storage of instruction by
digital form and used binary numbers (0,1)
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Electronic Numerical Integrator and
CalculatorENIAC
Built to compute firing and ballistic tables for
the army.
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ENIAC

• Built by John Mauchly and John Eckert
• 1500 ft 2 weighing 30 Tons
• 19,000 vacuum tubes
• Consumed 130KW of power
• Storage capacity of 20-10 digit numbers
• 12 tubes 1 decimal digit
• 1 Million hand soldered joints
• perform 5,000 or 300 multiplications per second
• 70,000 resistors

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UNIVAC I

• First Commerical Computer in the United States
• Designed and Built by Eckert and Mauchly
• SN 1 went to Census Bureau
• Retired after 12 yrs.

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Second Generation Computers1959-1963
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Characteristics of Second Generation Computers
1. Smaller in size than First Generation
Computers.
2. Used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
Transistors are about 1/200th the size.
3. Faster
4. More rugged
5. More reliable
6. Easier to cool because the computer generates
less heat.
7. Used Magnetic cores for memory.
8. Used magnetic disk and tapes for storage.
9. Could multiply 2-10 digit numbers in 1/100,000
of a second
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VAX
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Third Generation Computers

• 1964 until Early 1970s

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Characteristics of Third Generation Computers
1. Advanced miniaturization of circuitry.
2. Circuitry was etched instead of wired.
3. Transistors were replaced with crystal
structures.
4. Circuits made on thin chips called Integrated
Circuits. A thimble could hold 100,000.
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CRAY I
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IBM Mainframe
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Fourth Generation Computers

• 1971 - 1990

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Characteristics of Fourth Generation Computers
1. Used semiconductor memories.
2. Used very large scale integration (VLSI)
3. Even smaller.
4. Speed greatly increased with greater
reliability.
5. Used large-capacity storage.
6. Used visual displays.
7. Up to 300 - 400 users at one time.
8. Used in Electronic Fund Transfers.
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TRS 80 Model 1
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TRS-80 Model III
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Apple II
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IBM Personal Computer
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Osborne Personal Computer
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IBM PC JR
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PET - Commodore
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MacIntosh SE
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Fifth Generation Computers

• 1991 - Present

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Pentium Processors

• Pentium
• Pentium II
• Pentium III