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Biogeography

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Abyssal fauna diminishes in density with depth and distance from coastline ... The abyssal molluscan fauna of the Norwegian Sea and its relation to other faunas. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Biogeography


1
Biogeography
Bria Harvey Vanessa Page
2
Outline
  • Species and Distribution
  • Population Sizes
  • Environmental Structure
  • Gradients
  • Dispersal
  • Limitations

3
Species and Distribution
  • The deep sea is divided into 3 main regions
  • Atlantic
  • Indo-Pacific
  • Antarctic

(Vinogradova, 1979)
4
Species and Distribution
  • There are two general types of species
    distributions
  • Endemic
  • Cosmopolitan
  • Endemic species have many genera
  • Cosmopolitan species have few genera

5
Species and Distribution
  • There are two forms of species that are
    distinguishable based on their vertical
    distribution
  • Stenobathic
  • Eurybathic

(Vinogradova, 1979)
6
Species and Distribution
  • The geographic distribution is influenced by
    tropic relations
  • Physical, Chemical, Geological, and Biological
    processes
  • Phytoplankton and zooplankton zones

7
Species and Distribution
  • The deep sea has a high diversity and low density
    of benthic fauna and the species are
    predominantly small in size
  • All benthic marine invertebrate groups occur in
    the deep sea

8
Population Sizes
  • Abyssal fauna diminishes in density with depth
    and distance from coastline
  • Challenger Expedition

9
Population Sizes
  • Population size is an important factor in
    determining species divergence
  • Aggregated distributions

http//oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/07mexic
o/logs/july3/media/cuke_600.html
10
Population Sizes
  • Ranges tend to contract rather than to expand
    with increasing depth

(Vinogradova, 1979)
11
Environmental Structure
  • Relief of the bottom restricts distributions
  • Submarine Mountain Chains
  • Mid-Atlantic Ridge
  • Trenches
  • Self-contained hadal provinces

(Vinogradova, 1959)
12
Environmental Structure
  • Relief of the bottom restricts distributions
  • Elevations
  • Eddies and Taylor Columns
  • Bering Strait
  • Currents
  • Western Boundary
  • Under Current (WBUC)

(Cutler, 1975)
13
(Cutler, 1975)
14
Gradients
  • Depth related gradients
  • Greatest along continental slopes
  • Sediment and erosion
  • Boundary currents
  • Limited depth ranges
  • Isopod distribution

(Hessler et al., 1979)
15
Gradients
(Hessler et al., 1979)
16
Dispersal
  • Larvae are the primary dispersal phase
  • Direct development
  • Lecithotrophy
  • Planktotrophy

(Young et al., 1997)
17
Limitations
  • Cost
  • Scale
  • Knowledge

18
Conclusions
  • General ideas about the biogeography of the deep
    sea
  • Latitudinal and meridional distributions
  • Depth related gradients
  • Bathymetric constraints
  • Disperal
  • Population studies

19
References
  • Allen, J.A. 1979. The adaptations and radiation
    of deep-sea bivalves. Sarsia. 64 19-27. 
  • Bouchet, P., Waren, A. 1979. The abyssal
    molluscan fauna of the Norwegian Sea and its
    relation to other faunas. Sarsia. 64 211-243.
  • Cutler, E.B. 1975. Zoogeographical barrier on
    the continental slope off Cape Lookout, North
    Carolina. Deep-sea Research. 22 893-901.
  • Hessler, R.R., Wilson, G.D., Thistle, D. 1979.
    The deep-sea isopods a biogeography and
    phylogenetic overview. Sarsia. 64 67-76.
  • Sibuet, M. 1979. Distribution and diversity of
    asteroids in Atlantic abyssal plains. Sarsia.
    64 85-92.
  • Vinogradova, N.G. 1959. The zoogeographical
    distribution of the deep-water bottom fauna in
    the abyssal zone of the ocean. Deep-sea
    Research. 5 205-208.
  • Vinogradova, N.G. 1979. The geographical
    distribution of the abyssal and hadal
    (ultra-abyssal) fauna in relation to the vertical
    zonation of the ocean. Sarsia. 64 41-50.
  • Wilson, G.D.F., Hessler, R.R. 1987. Speciation
    in the deep sea. Annual Review Ecology and
    Systematics. 18 185-207.
  • Young, C.M., Sewell, M.A., Tyler, P.A., Metaxas,
    A. 1997. Biogeographic and bathymetric ranges
    of Atlantic deep-sea echinoderms and ascidians
    the role of larval dispersal. Biodiversity and
    Conservation. 6 1507-1522/
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