Biogeography%20of%20Hawaii

1
Review
Galápagos Islands
plate motion
subduction zone
2
Darwin
Wolf
Galápagos Islands
Cocos Plate
Nazca Plate
Pinta
Marchesa
Genovesa
Santiago
Fernandina
Santa Cruz
San Cristobal
Isabela
Santa Fe
Floreana
Española
3
Biogeography of Hawaii

• Volcano tops from Ocean Floor
• Remote
• Colonization Rare
• Adaptive Radiation of Founder Species

Diagrams in this lecture are liberally adapted
from Wagner, W. L. and V. A. Funk. 1995.
Hawaiian biogeography evolution on a hot spot
archipelago. Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington, D.C.
4
Origin of Island Archipelago
North America
Meiji Seamount
Aleutian Islands
Pacific Ocean
Emperor Seamounts
Hawaiian Emperor Bend
Kure
Midway
Layann
Necker
Nihoa
Kauai
Oahu
Hawaiian Ridge
Maui
Hawaii

• Hot spot moves and plate moves over hot spot
• Volcanoes build to surface then erode or subside
• Current islands arose after previous islands were
  already submerged
• Exceedingly limited island hopping

5
Motion of hotspot magma plume under plate?
Detroit 80 Ma
Suiko 61 Ma
Nintoku 56 Ma
Time/motion data adapted from Tarduno, et al.
2009. The bent Hawaiian-Emperor hotspot track
inheriting the mantle wind. Science 324 50-53
Koko 49 Ma
Diakakuji 47 Ma
Midway 27 Ma
Necker 10 Ma
Plate motion over fixed hotspot?
6
J. Tarduno, H. Bunge, N. Sleep and U. Hansen.
2009. The Bent Hawaiian-Emperor Hotspot Track
Inheriting the Mantle Wind. Science 324 50-53
7
Necker
8
Necker
9
Kauai
Oahu
Nihau
Molokai
Maui
Lanai
Kahoolawe
Hawaii
10
7.5 Million Years Ago
22
Gardner Pinnacles
La Perouse Pinnacles
20
Necker
Nihoa
18
160
158
156
154
11
5 Million Years Ago
22
Necker
Nihoa
20
Kauai
Nihau
Kaula
18
160
158
156
154
12
2.5 Million Years Ago
22
Nihoa
Kauai
20
Oahu
Nihau
Kaula
18
160
158
156
154
13
1 Million Years Ago
22
Nihoa
Kauai
Oahu
20
Nihau
Maui
Kaula
18
160
158
156
154
14
0.5 Million Years Ago
Nihoa
22
Kauai
Oahu
Nihau
Kaula
Maui
20
Mahukona
18
160
158
156
154
15
Present
Kauai
22
Oahu
Nihau
Molokai
Kaula
Maui
Lanai
Kahoolawe
Hawaii
20
Loihi Seamount
18
160
158
156
154
16
Island Development

• Island appears
• Marine/shore colonized
• Island colonized by plants
• Terrestrial biota establishes
• Biota stabilizes
• Island moves away from hot spot
• Waif founders lack competition
• Speciation adaptive radiation to fill empty
  niches

• Endemic species evolve
• Sequence of islands should reflect patterns of
  speciation
• Endemics found on just one island, one volcano
• Humans arrive (about 10 BC)
• Introduced exotic species are released
• Endemics that may be poor competitorsextinct

17
Endemic Terrestrial Species
Taxon/Character Kauai to Hawaii Nihoa to Kure
Insects 2,300 50
Land Snails 1,000 8
Land Birds 70 4
Ferns and Allies 120 0
Flowering Plants 850 12
Area (km2) 16,576 8
Endemics/10 km2 38 1
18
Cladistic Analysis

• 1960s Development of Cladistic Analysis
• Determines Possible Pathways of Evolution
• Characters and Polarized Character States
• Anatomy, Morphology, Behavior, Chemical, Gene
  Sequence
• Plesiomorphies-Ancestral character states
• Apomorphies-Derived character states
• Construction of Cladogram-computers!
• Reveal homoplasies (parallel, convergent),
  reversals
• Most-parsimonious (fewest steps) cladogram
• Not necessarily unique!

19
How do you DO cladistics?

• Look at a group of organisms that you think are
  related
• Find a not-too-distantly related (primitive?)
  out-group
• Select characters that will help to distinguish
  the organisms
• Polarize the character states by
• Stratigraphic sequence (fossil sequence)
• Developmental sequence (ontogeny recaps
  phylogeny)
• Outgroup comparison
• Build a data matrix
• Group by number of synapomorphies (shared
  derived)
• Sketch possible cladograms
• Seek simplest (most parsimonious) cladogram

20
Asian
Oahu Kauai
Hawaii
Maui Kauai
C
E
A
D
B
-- 2
Large Black Wide Wide Dark Wide Long Long Thick Lo
ng
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
2 1 1 3 2 5 1 2 3 5
-- 3
-- 7
-- 8 -- 5
-- 1
OG
-- 9 -- 4
-- 10 -- 6
21
Area cladogram
showing progression process
Asia Kauai Oahu
Maui Hawaii
OG E B A
D C
autapomorphies
-- 2 black eye
-- 3 wide neck
-- 7 long wing
-- 8 long leg -- 5 dark body
-- 1 large eye
-- 9 thick leg -- 4 wide body
apomorphies
-- 6 wide wing -- 10 long stinger
plesiomorphies
22
Island-Hopping Crickets!
Island Caconemobius Leptogryllus Thaumato-gryllus Prognatho-gryllus Trigonidium Prolaupala Laupala
Nihoa 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Kauai 2 3 1 16 27 0 7
Oahu 1 7 0 13 34 1 11
Molokai 2 5 0 0 13 1 1
Maui 2 7 1 4 30 1 8
Lanai 1 1 0 0 4 0 1
Hawaii 6 5 1 3 27 0 7
23
Island Hopping Crickets
Prognathogryllus
mauka puna spadix kohala weli waikemoi kipahulu ku
kui hana stridulans makai alternatus alapa opua ka
hea awili oahuensis elongatus epimeces hypomacron
kahili parakahili alatus flavidus hea robustus pih
ea victoriae
Hawaii
Equivocal
Island Formation Migration Time
Maui
Oahu
Kauai
24
More Island Hopping Crickets
Laupala
pruna cerasina kona hualalai fugax paranigra kohal
aensis kolea nigra prosea eukolea vespertina pacif
ica tantalus hapapa kokeensis keahua
Hawaii
http//www.wam.umd.edu/fergusd/Laup3.jpg
Island Formation Migration Time
Equivocal
Maui
Oahu
Kauai
25
Amazing Fruit Flies!

• 511 of 2,300 endemic insects are drosophiloids
• DNA sequences show 10 MYBP arrived Necker
• Necker has subsided and lost habitatnow n0
• All 511 endemic species are a single clade!
• Analyzed by morphology, karyotype, molecular
  analysis

Drosophila sproati
http//www.msu.edu/taylo110/DSproati.JPG
26
Drosophilid Comparisons
15
D. melanogaster D. robusta D. melanica D.
funebris D. pinicola D. imigrans D. repleta E.
crassifemur S. exigua D. mimica D.
sproati Zaprionus Chymomyza Hirtodrosophila Scapto
drosophila
16
Continental
16
8
9
7
9
6
7
8
Numbers of mtDNA base transitions
10
10
7
14
6
7
Purine A?G
11
7
13
Pyrimidine C?T
8
Hawaiian
10
10
11
11
38
Outgroups
16
Proper cladograms have branch length correlated
to number of steps
27
Primitive Phylogram of Drosophiloids
chromosomal changes
recticilia
bostrycha
disjuncta
musaphilia
gradata
affinidisjuncta
hawaiiensis
grimshawl
planitibia
silvestris
spectabilis
differens
heteroneura
adiastola peniculipedis cilifera
setosimentum
hemipeza
cyrtoloma
picticornis
clavisetae
hanaulae oahuensis
neoperkinsi
arcuatus
neopicta
longiseta
adunca
nigribasis melanocephala
mimica
obscuripes
cognata
yooni tanythrix
28
Drosophilid Area Cladogram
Continental Oahu Molokai West Maui East Maui
1 East Maui 2 Hawaii Kona Hawaii Hilo
Just as observed among crickets, these fruit
flies radiate in ways that correlate with the
biogeography of the Hawaiian Islands
29
Spiders Spinning Southeast!
Tetragnatha
5
T. pilosa
1
T. kauaiensis
6
T. perreirai
4
http//www.entomology.cornell.edu/Faculty_Staff/Bl
ackledge/tetragnatha.JPG
2
4
T. tantalus
T. kamakou
4
Back dispersal
3
T. kamakou
4
3
3
2
2
T. quasimodo
1
T. waikamoi
T. quasimodo
3
T. quasimodo
1
3
6
1
4
T. quasimodo
T. polychromata
3
T. restricta
4
1
6
T. macracantha
T. restricta
2
3
N
T. brevignatha
4
1
T. brevignatha
3
T. stelarobusta
4
T. pallescens
30
HoneycreepersofHawaii
http//www.state.hi.us/dlnr/mfbp/images/akohekohe.
jpg
Vestiaria coccinea
Palmeria dolei
Extreme isolation limits vertebrate fauna No
native amphibians No native reptiles 1 mammal
(bat) 1 bird established and radiated into 33
extant and 14 extinct species!
http//www.stanford.edu/petelat1/ani5.jpg
Hemignathus virens
http//www.oahunaturetours.com/images/laysanfinch.
jpg
Telespiza cantans
Hemignathus parvus
http//www.uatuahine.hawaii.edu/hana/NaManu/iiwi/i
iwi.jpeg
http//www.stanford.edu/petelat1/hcreepr1.jpg
Vestiaria coccinea
Oreomystis bairdi
31
Honeycreeper Cladogram
9
Loxops caeruleirostris Loxops coccineus Hemignathu
s virens virens Hemignathus virens
wilsoni Hemignathus virens steinegeri Palmeria
dolei Himatione sanguinea Vestiaria
coccinea Hemignathus parvus Oreomystis
bairdi Telespiza cantans Paroreomyza
montana Carpodacus mexicanus OG
10
15
mtDNA RFLP
11
19
6
11
7
17
7
8
7
11
23
11
11
8
19
29
6
33
26
37
Is this a phylogram, a cladogram, or an area
cladogram?
32
How about Plants? Hibiscadelphus
Hibiscadelphus distans
distans Kauai wilderianus Maui crucibracteatus
Lanai giffardianus Hawaii hualalaiensis
Hawaii bombycinus Hawaii
progression
adaptive radiation
The phylogram is also an area cladogram showing
the positive correlation between evolution and
oceanic island biogeography.
Photo Source UnknownIf yours, please send email
to rkoning_at_snet.net
33
How about Plants? Hibiscadelphus
Hibiscadelphus distans fruit
http//www.flickr.com/photos/53189052_at_N08/82365953
22/
Could Velcro-like seeds be a protoadaptation for
hitch-hiking via bird feathers?
http//eol.org/data_objects/17602931
34
Silverswords
Kauai-11 endemic
http//hbs.bishopmuseum.org/good-bad/images/iliau.
jpg
Oahu-2 endemic
http//biology.usgs.gov/st/lrgimage/t172w01.jpg
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Dubautia paleata
Maui Nui-7 endemic
Argyroxiphium sandwicense
Hawaii-3 endemic
N
Plus 5 indigenous species
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/d
pal_chl.jpg
35
Silversword Origins

• Closest relatives are California tarweeds
• 3,900 km open ocean crossing
• Fruits too thin-walled to survive bird gut
• Fruits do not float in sea water
• Fruits too heavy to float on wind
• Hairy and sticky sepals suggest bird attachment
• Preened off on Kauai, then radiated and migrated

36
Silversword Cladogram (simplified)
Tarweed (California USA) OG Dubautia paleata
Kauai Dubautia waialealae Kauai Dubautia laxa
indigenous Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Kauai Wilkesia
hobdyi Kauai Argyroxiphium caliginis
Maui Argyroxiphium grayanum Maui Argyroxiphium
virescens Maui Argyroxiphium sanwicense
MH Argyroxiphium kauense Hawaii
http//www.insectimages.org/images/384x256/5459645
.jpg
http//www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/images/redr
ocktarweed4.jpg
37
Silversword Cladogram (simplified)
Tarweed (California USA) OG Dubautia paleata
Kauai Dubautia waialealae Kauai Dubautia laxa
indigenous Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Kauai Wilkesia
hobdyi Kauai Argyroxiphium caliginis
Maui Argyroxiphium grayanum Maui Argyroxiphium
virescens Maui Argyroxiphium sanwicense
MH Argyroxiphium kauense Hawaii
http//www.stanford.edu/rawlings/kengif/jpeg/tarw
eed.jpeg
The long distance path probably argues for the
sticky surfaces of tar weeds as the
protoadaptation for hitch-hikingon what?
For further reading http//www.sherwincarlquist.c
om/tarweed-silversword.html
38
Not all cladograms tell the same story!
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/g
er_arb.jpg
Geranium arboreum
Geranium (pandemic) OG arboreum E. Maui
subalpine multiflorum E. Maui subalpine cuneatum
Hawaii sub-alpine tridens E. Maui
alpine hanaense E. Maui bog humile W. Maui bog
kauaiense Kauai bog
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/g
er_han_cu.jpg
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/g
er_cun_cu.jpg
Geranium colonized late E. Maui and radiated
and migrated, speciating most recently on Kauai
with ecological correlations!
Geranium cuneatum
Geranium hanaense
39
Tetramolopium colonized late E. Maui and
radiated and migrated to the other islands
humile E. Maui capillare W. Maui remyi W. Maui,
Lanai rockii Molokai sylvae Molokai,
Maui tenerrimum Oahu arenarium E. Maui
consanguineum Hawaii conyzoides Maui Nui,
Hawaii lepidolum E. Maui, Lanai, Oahu
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/t
et_hum.jpg
Not all cladograms tell the same story!
Tetramolopium humile
40
For Further Reading on Hawaiian Plant
Origins Baldwin B. G. and W. L. Wagner. 2010.
Hawaiian angiosperm radiations of North American
origin. Ann Bot. 105(6) 849-879. www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876002/