Acids, Bases, and Salts

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Acids, Bases, and Salts

• Acids, bases and salts are all electrolytes
  (conduct an electric current in aqueous solution)

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Acids

• Characteristics
• Taste sour
• Conduct electric current in solution
• Release H in solution
• React with bases to form salts
• Corrosive (will react with metal and burn skin)

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Arrhenius Acid

• Anything that gives up H ions in solution
• Ex. HCl H2O -gt H3O Cl-
• OR
• Same ex. HCl -gt H Cl-

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Arrhenius Base

• Anything that produces OH- in solution
• Ex. NH3 H2O -gt NH4 OH-
• NaOH -gt Na OH-

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BASES

• Taste bitter (ever had your mouth washed out with
  soap?)
• Feels slippery to touch
• Produces OH- in solution
• Caustic (reacts with tissue)
• Reacts with acids to form salts

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Bronsted-Lowry Acid/Base Theory

• An acid is a proton DONOR (a proton is really
  just a H )
• A base is a proton acceptor
• Ex. HCl H2O -gt H3O Cl-
• Acid thing that donated the H so HCl
• Base thing that accepted the H so H2O
• Conjugate acid what the base becomes on the
  other side of the equation AFTER it accepts the
  H so H3Ois the conjugate acid
• Conjugate base what the acid becomes after it
  gives up its H so Cl- is the conj. base

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Bronsted-Lowry Practice

• HCl H2O ? H3O Cl-
• NH3 H2O ? NH4 OH-
• NaOH HCl ? NaCl H2O
• KOH HBr ? KBr H2O
• H2SO4 LiOH ? Li2SO4 H2O

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Salt

• A compound made from the positive (cation) from a
  base and the negative (anion) from an acid
• Ex. NaOH HCl -gt NaCl H2O
• NaCl is the salt
• This type of a reaction is called a
  neutralization reaction

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Weak and Strong

• A strong acid is one that gives up all or almost
  all of its H in solution
• Rule for binary acids HCl, HF, and HBr are
  strongall others are weak
• Rule for oxycids acids that have two or more
  oxygens than Hydrogens in their formula are
  strong. All others are weak
• H2SO4 is strong H2CO3 is weak

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Weak and Strong Bases

• A strong base totally ioinizes into a metal ion
  and OH- ions
• Weak bases do not completely ionize.
• Rule-Group 1 and 2 hydroxides ionize completely.
  ALL others are weak
• NaOH strong
• Al(OH)3 -weak

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Miscellaneous Definitions

• Amphoteric a substance that may act as an acid
  or base depending on the reaction ex. Water
• Monoprotic an acid that only has one ionizable
  Hydrogen (one that it gives up in solution)
• Diprotic an acid that has two ionizable
  Hydrogens
• Polyprotic Acid that has more than two
  ionizable hydrogens.
• Acid Rain- a special type of pollution in which
  sulfates from factories react with water to form
  acid
• Ex. SO3 H2O -gt H2SO4

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