Water Budget Parameters

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Water Budget Parameters Flux Terms P E T
Q GWr - GWd GWr - GWd 0 at steady state.
P precipitation E evaporation
T transpiration Q surface runoff
GWr groundwater recharge GWd groundwater
discharge E T often "lumped" as ET
ET evapotranspiration ET is
proportional to pan evaporation (or "potential"
evaporation).
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Water Budget Parameters Examples Flux Units
Hudson River River Murray (SE
Australia) P (mm/yr) 1100 450 Pan Evap
(mm/yr) 760 gt2000 Q (mm/yr) 600
20 ET (mm/yr) 500 430 (by difference)
ET P - Q Therefore Pan evap can greatly
exceed ET actual, especially in arid and
semi-arid climates.
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Sequence of Discussion of Chemistry of Natural
Waters Generally from low total dissolved solids
to high total dissolved solids. TDS
(ppm) Precipitation 1 - 10 Weathering
reactions Small streams and springs 50 -
250 Rivers 50 - 250 Fresh water lakes 50
- 250 Saline lakes 5000 -
300,000 Estuaries 5000 - 35,000 too
saline for human consumption
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Periodic Table - Short Version H He Li
Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Ar K Ca Se Br Kr Rb Sr Te I Xe Cs
Ba Rn
alkali alkaline "sister
halogens noble metals earth
elements gases metals
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Bond Energies (kcal/mole) Bond
Bond Energy (single) O -
H 111 H - H
104 C - C 83 Si - O 88
C - H 99 Cl - H 103
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Electronegativity Scale L. Pauling 2.1 (H)
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 (O) 4.0 0.9
1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 0.8 1.0 2.4
2.8 0.8 1.0 2.1 2.5 0.7 0.9

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Sister Planet Atmospheres Venus
Earth Mars Temp 700K 300K
230K (surface) Pressure 75 1
0.01 (Atmosphere) CO2 - Atm 70,000 lt1
70 (g/cm2) - Crust ? 70,000
? N2 - Atm (g/cm2) - Crust lt3000
800 lt1 ? 2000
? H20 - Atm (g/cm2) - Oceans 100
1 0.01 0
300,000 ? O2 - Atm (g/cm2) - Crust lt10
200 0.01 ?
8 x 106 ? Includes 50 g/cm2 as solid
CO2 over the polar caps.